Segregated Then And Segregated Now - 1191 Words

Josiah Paisley Overlea HS 12th Grade Mr. Otero 11/5/2015 Segregated Then; Segregated Now? Possibly†¦.. In this essay we’ll explore the questions â€Å"What progress has been made in race relations since WWII, and what remains to be done for our society to fulfill the vision of the â€Å"Double V† campaign? Interesting to say the least. For starters I believe a great deal remains to be done in order for race relations to show any significant improvements since WWII and the segregation which permeated the South and other parts of the US over 70 yrs ago. Let’s go back to the time when WWII took place from 1939 to 1945. A global war aka the â€Å"Second World War† World War II had many casualties pitting 2 alliances against each other the â€Å"Axis powers† and the â€Å"Allied powers.† Germany, Japan and Italy made up the â€Å"Axis powers.† France, Poland and Great Britain made up the â€Å"Allied powers.† Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately 1 million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities, making World War II the deadliest conflict in human history. It was also the most widespread war in history, involving more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In time the above referenced alliances grew. As I ask myself what did WWIIShow MoreRelatedBlack Boy By Richard Wright1597 Words   |  7 Pagesnumerous experiences, both good and bad, that have shaped their community to show that they are more than just a race. Some periods in time such as the segregated South and the Vietnam War have shaped and changed the lives of many African American families. Black Boy, a memoir by Richard Wright, talks about his youth and experience in the segregated South. Bloods by Wallace Terry, on the other hand, showcases a collection of stories, events, and experiences of African Americans that have gone throughRead MoreJustice Can Be Described As The Fairness, Equity, Evenhandedness,1308 Words   |  6 Pageswe see today is Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King was a major factor in the laws we see today regarding equality, and he set the stage for what society should be like today. An analysis of, â€Å"A Letter for Birmingham Jail,† and, â€Å"Segregation Now,† will tell what Martins understanding of just and unjust were, the effects of Tuscaloosa’s schooling district on society, and whether or not Judge Blackburn’s ruling was just or not based on Martins understanding of justice. Martin Luther KingRead MoreDiverse Student Body from Brown vs. the Board of Education Essay950 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time. I have a dream.† – Martin Luther King Jr. It is because of the Brown vs. The Board of Education court case that allows the University of Texas at Austin, along with hundreds of universities, to be have a diverse student body. This case opened new doors to racial opportunities. What started off as a plea for equality, would change the world in its own way. Brown, who is notRead MoreThe Causes Of Segregation1472 Words   |  6 Pagesplaces because of family, work, that bring the positive for them to leave near them. For instance, in the article on WUWM titled â€Å" A Forgotten History Of How The U.S. Government Segregated America† by Terry Gross published on November 03, 2017 talks about how the government and people made Milwaukee a segregated city. The Government tried to separate people of 3 groups into suburban communities, white people, middle-class and the lower-middle class. The Government did not include African-AmericansRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 19641689 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended state and local laws that involved segregation, prohibiting legal discrimination based on ethnicity, color, race, sex, and religion. Now, after much time has passed, people can pose the question: how prominent is segregation in today’s society? In particular, Chicago, the third largest city in the United States, poses interesting dynamics concerning this question. For one, the city consistently has high crime and murder rates in specific areas, while othe r partsRead MoreRacial Injustice in A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry and Sonny’s Blues, by James Baldwin1494 Words   |  6 PagesRaisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin stories. Both of the stories shows contrasting view on African American people living in fear of racial terrorism, physical harm, housing inequality, and dangerous life in segregated black neighborhood. However, they share similar views on racism in the form of economic oppression, and the experience of racial injustice in both of the author’s life which are expressed through their respective stories. In the 1950s, racism wasRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The United States1563 Words   |  7 Pageswere racially segregated: clean and good looking hotels were meant for whites, dirty and poorer rent payment were meant for colored people. His first experience with segregation has caused him to think about his decision to come down and have someone he knew well turn him down for the color of his skin. He notes that the restrooms were segregated, the buses were segregated, the places to eat and rest were racially segregated, and the places that one would occupy were racially segregated. DesegregationRead MoreEssay on Legal Writing Graded Project 2 - Petitioner1280 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Browns in their complaint and 12 other parents followed suit. In 1951, the NAACP requested an injunction that would now forbid the segregation of Topeka’s public schools. The case was heard from in two days, June 25-36, 1951, by the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas. At the trial, Thurgood Marshall, one of the lead attorneys in the case, argued that segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites; and because of this, the schools were inherentlyRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech Delivered By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1016 Words   |  5 Pagessegregation is still a big problem in our society today. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, prior to the Birmingham event, Negroes’ lives were better than before, not by much, however. In term of education, most Negroes were still in totally segregated schools, with minor percentages were able to attend to public schools with White classmates. Even though the South was known for segregation against Negro, their lives in the North weren’t any better. They too suffered the discrimination and humiliationRead MoreBlack Boys And Girls Holding Hands With Little Brown Vs. Board Of Education1663 Words   |  7 Pagesschools is now unconstitutional under the law. Dr. King’s dream of â€Å"little black boys and girls holding hands with little white boys and girls† is now a promising reality for children across America. The laws that once denied colored children and white children from co-learning were no longer allowed to legally stand after May 17, 1954. However, it is currently 2016, approximately sixty-two years a fter segregation in schools as unconstitutional, yet schools are still significantly segregated. Even though

Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) - 857 Words

Human resource management (HRM) can be described as a process of managing people in a company with a structured and thorough manner (MSG.com). This covers the fields of staffing (hiring people), retention of people; pay and perks setting and management, performance management, change management and taking care of exits from the company to round off the activities (MSG). These functions relate to what used to be called personnel management, which theorists see HRM as the modern version of personnel management. As Aswathappa (2005) explains HRM can be challenging and stressful, also describing the function as being no comfier than when personnel management was in place. All these elements of HRM mentioned previously are jobs that Christine Williamson is responsible for managing in the human resource (HR) department. Mitchell (no date) states that Williamson believes the department still performs in a primarily personnel function with a limited strategic perspective. Armstrong (2006) explains personnel management includes being concerned with obtaining, organising and motivating the human resources that are used in the enterprise. These elements are a reflection of the jobs Williamson undertakes. Before any downsizing and outsourcing events took place Williamson attempted to strengthen the communication with staff by using line manager led briefings. As described in the case study by Mitchell (no date) the attempt was very unsuccessful due to the resistance by middleShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1508 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used effectively and in alignment with an organization’s goals† (Youssef, 2012). The primary role of human resource management is to plan, develop, and order policies and programmers designed to make prompt use of an organization’s human resources. It is that part of management which is concerned with the people at work and with their relationship within an organization. I currently work for a HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1552 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function wit hin an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest of the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1562 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource management (HRM) is an important strategic and systematic approach that provides each company with the opportunity to create policies and practices, as well as to establish administrative forms (Pfeffer, 2007). According to Armstrong (2009) HRM is an approach that deals with ‘employment, development, and well-being of the people working in organizations’. However HRM has evolved significantly through the years due to the rapid social, economic, po litical and environmental changes.Read MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1142 Words   |  5 Pageshe HRM Process Human Resource Management (HRM) is a combination of elements that work interdependently on each other to carry out the daily functions within an organization. Human Resources Management operates in several roles serving as a liaison between the organization and the employee. This dual role often present challenges within HRM; therefore it is vital the HRM Department is skilled on various issues that may arise on a daily basis within an organization. In this paper, I will discussRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Hrm772 Words   |  4 Pagesa brief description of the models of HRM discussed in the first chapter of the textbook, and explain how each one relates to strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management (HRM) at its best seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Social output resulting from providing opportunity for advancement will ultimately make employees become true participants in the company. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models, they are: the Forbrum, TichyRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1105 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest of the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHrm And The And Human Resource Management1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The main purpose to write this essay is to analogize the differences in the field of HRM and IR. The Foundation of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management is based on intense academic study. The essay is an endeavor to illustrate by scrutinizing their objectives and the viewpoints or the approaches of this field. The first part of the essay is an attempt to define HRM and IR and it further continues to explain the differences and similarities between the two. In the lastRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1405 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models which include: the Forbrum, Tichy and Devanna model, the Harvard model, the Guest model, the Warwick model, The Storey model, and Ulrich’s Strategic Partner model of HRM. Forbrum Tichy and Devanna model of HRM is based on the principle of selecting, appraising, developing and rewarding employees who fulfill management strategic business interestsRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )2412 Words   |  10 Pages these human traits can bring considerable benefits to organizations† (Mullins 1999). However, when managed poorly they have the potential to limit organizational growth and threaten the viability of a business. â€Å"There are countless examples of corporate and project crises in the construction sector which have arisen as the result of people s behaviour, and it would seem that human resource management (HRM) has the potential to eliminate more construction risks than any other management approach†Read MoreHuman Resources Management ( Hrm ) Essay794 Words   |  4 Pages Human Resources Management (HRM) is people who work in an organization. The manager is a person who manages people, leads, facilitates and provide tools for the organization. Human resources management also, sets strategic processes and procedures, run difficult and complex communication as the organization attracts the best talents from the recruiting process. Human resources management is where everything begins and ends for an individual and the organization. Consequently

Personality in Psychology for Reliability- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePersonality in Psychology for Reliability and Validity. Answer: Idiographic and the nomothetic approaches to the study of Psychology Scholars of personality fall into two main categories, those that patronize the idiographic school of thought and the nomothetic. Proponents of the idiographic approach hold the view that certain traits are held uniquely by one individual and for this reason; it is not possible to compare people like for like. The nomothetic approach on the other hand studies traits that are assumed to have similar psychological impacts for everyone (Beltz et al., 2016). The distinctive feature of these approaches could be the natural sciences and the social sciences. Natural science is known to produce laws and can be equated to the nomothetic approach while natural sciences whose main pre-occupation is interpretation of laws is comparable to the idiographic approach. Both of these approaches are similar in the sense that they both seek to understand the personality traits in individuals. reliability and validity In research, reliability and validity are used together to refer the level to which the tools of research ensure credible data. However, reliability applies to the capacity of a tool of research to obtain the same results when used severally on the same case or phenomenon (Hellen and Smith, 2015). As such, a reliable tool of research should not vary the scores of research over time. Validity on the other hand is the extent to which a tool of research obtains a score that represents the variable they are intended to measure. One of the ways of gauging validity is the measure of reliability. When a tool passes the test-retest reliability, then it is considered to be valid. Both these terms, therefore, are used to deduce the extent to which tools of research can produce credible results. Should intelligence be considered as a personality trait? The debate as to whether intelligence is a personality trait has dominated academic cycles over the years; those that disagree hold the view that since it is a cognitive process, it cannot be a personality trait (Di Fabio, 2016). However, a second school of thought opines that the distinction between what is cognitive and what is not is vague. They base their argument on the fact that all personality traits have cognitive attributes. Intelligence has been tested by IQ tests and persons of a cross section of personality traits have been found to score high on this test. This is because intelligence is an intrinsic ability that prepares an individual to make judgment in various situations. In certain circumstances, intelligence can influence the personality of an individual. For example, a highly intelligent person may take precaution when being rushed into a lucrative business deal. However, such traits may only be visible when crucial decisions have to be made and as such, intelligence should not be categorized as a personality trait. Methods of reducing response sets Response sets are scenarios where the respondents respond to questions in a way to portray the respondent in a certain light. The results of the survey in such cases do not portray the respondents actual behavoiur or feelings. To check this bias, instructors can either warn the respondents against inaccurate responses or they could request honesty. They could also ask them to take the test in a short time frame such that they only record their first thoughts (Johnson and Wythe, 2013). Instructors could also employ the use of multiple questions while assessing the same attribute. A dishonest respondent will be detected easily because he/she is likely to average the positive and negative responses in a deliberate move to balance the answers. Trick questions can be applied by an instructor especially multiple choice questions that contain no right answer. This technique may be used to probe earlier responses. Is Freudian Theory a good theory? Sigmund Freud is famous for his psychoanalytic theory of personality development. In his thoughts, personality is formed through conflict among the fundamental structures of id, ego and superego that exist in the mind of man. Freud postulated ideas about dreams stating that they serve to preserve sleep (Alexander and Hanns, 2017). This, according to Freud, happens by repressing as fulfilled wishes that could awaken the dreamer. He saw dreams as products of the daily occurrences and thoughts of man. Freud also promoted views that portrayed femininity as inferior to the male through such concepts as the Oedipus complex (Flemming, 2016). It is a good theory for study. Although Freudian thinking is still part of academic discourse, it seems to have been overtaken by modern understanding of concepts. The science about dreams has been studied further and there is proof that not all dreams are as a result of the thought processes of individuals. Some people have had premonitions through their dreams about future events. Contemporary thinking has also proven that the development of female sexuality was a defensive response that was based on the cultural structures during the Freudian era as opposed to the biological asymmetry as postulated by Freud. This theory has however provoked further study into human development and will remain a point of focus for many years to come. Although many of his ideas have been criticized, Freuds theory is a good theory as most of his critics havent provided revolutionary concepts opposing him. It is for this reason that Freudian theory will continue to be a guide to modern psychoanalysts. Works cited Alexander, F., and Hanns Sachs. "Sigmund Freud."Studies in Gender and Sexuality18 (2017): 2. Beltz, Adriene M., et al. "Bridging the nomothetic and idiographic approaches to the analysis of clinical data."Assessment23.4 (2016): 447-458. Di Fabio, Annamaria. "Beyond fluid intelligence and personality traits in social support: the role of ability based emotional intelligence."Frontiers in psychology6 (2015). Fleming, James. "Freud's Oedipus Complex Theory: Definition Overview."Study. com.. Np, nd Web20 (2016). Johnson, Dan R., and Wythe L. Whiting. "Detecting subtle expressions: Older adults demonstrate automatic and controlled positive response bias in emotional perception."Psychology and aging28.1 (2013): 172. Noble, Helen, and Joanna Smith. "Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research."Evidence-Based Nursing(2015): ebnurs-2015.

The Mastodon which Made a Museum

Ours are bigger than yours!Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mastodon which Made a Museum specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More No, ours are bigger! No, this is not the schoolyard banter of teenage boys, but instead a vast simplification of a vitriolic debate seething and bubbling all through the first decades of the 19th century. Although it may seem ludicrous to us today, the issue of whether America could boast large species of animals was of keen interest to intellects and patriots on both sides of the Atlantic. The French naturalist, Comte de Buffon,asserted the inferiority of New World flora and fauna. Not only that, he contended that Old World species failed to thrive in the Americas, reflecting some sort of degeneracy. Energetically defending the salubrious character of the United States was the polymath Thomas Jefferson. In 1801, the thoughtful and innovative display of mastodon remains by Charles Willson Peale, in Philosophical Hall, in Philadelphia, and in Europe, thrust both Peale and the ancient, giant relative of the elephant into this debate. The impact of these fossils, their excavation, and exhibition, and the fevered discussion they precipitated, was wide-reaching, and touched the fields of paleontology, anthropology, museum design, public education, and human biology and medicine. Charles Willson Peale, born in 1741, entered the museum business as a second career after portraiture, and in response to seeing the excitement and curiosity generated by some mammoth bones he was sketching at the time[1]. Reflecting current ideas[2] and his own growing enthusiasm for natural history, Brooks quotes Peale as proposing, in a letter to George Washington, to create a museum â€Å"which would be of value to the public and a service to the nation† (Brooks 36). In 1786, Peale gave notice that he would convert his home to a â€Å"Repository for Natural Curiosities†¦ The sever al Articles will be classed and arranged according to their several species; and †¦ on each piece will be inscribed the place from whence it came†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brooks 36).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was an ambition worthy to round out the remaining decades of his life. As Hart and Ward report, Peale affirmed that, â€Å"It is his fixed determination to encrease (sic) the subjects of the Museum with all his powers, whilst life and health will admit of it† (Hart and Ward, The Waning of an Enlightenment Ideal: Charles Willson Peale’s Philadelphia Museum, 1790-1820 390). In the 1780s, Peale’s exhibits were already exceedingly innovative in that he created â€Å"elaborate reconstructions of †¦native habitats† (Brooks 36), labeled and arranged in accord with Linnaen taxonomy [3] rather than in â€Å"cabinets of curiosities† (Prince, Rhod es and Peck 2) [4]. Charles Sellers notes that Peale pioneered many of his own techniques for preservation (Sellers, Peale’s Museum 254)[5], and display (e.g. mounting a magnifying lens over the fangs of a rattlesnake to allow for close examination. His innovations survive today in the dioramas we take for granted (Sellers, Peale’s Museum 254).[6] Peale was an unashamed egalitarian popularizer of science, lecturing personally in the museum rather than a classroom, publishing a guide book, (Brooks 36), and inviting women to his lectures (Egmond and and Mason 96) [7]. (His long term ambition was nothing less than a national museum to showcase America’s treasures, although he was not able to fulfill this personally). [8] Peale’s Museum was given many artifacts for his exhibits, including fossils, some in lieu of tickets. New World fossils were a hot topic of discussion by the well-known, such as Dr. Cotton Mather (of the witchcraft accusation Mathers) [9], a nd the decidedly unknown[10], such as enslaved Africans.. In 1801, Peale, acquired his own personal collection of mammoth bones from the Hudson Valley. He heard of them through an article in the journal Medical Depository (Sellers, Peale’s Museum 256) . Thomas Jefferson had already wasted time and effort unsuccessfully to remove these fossils. With a new country to run, why was one of the founding fathers so obsessed with these old bones? Thomas Jefferson had powerful personal as well as civic reason for wanting to document these giant fossils. For one reason, Jefferson still entertained the possibility that these giant animals were still thriving in some unexplored portion of the United States (The Thomas Jefferson Fossil Collection: The Mastodon). There was enough confusing testimony from the native peoples about these bones to plant reasonable doubt in his mind[11].Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mastodon which Made a Museum specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For another reason, the French Delegation in Philadelphia had asked some very searching questions about the new republic[12]. He also smarted from insulting assertions by another Frenchman, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. Thomson reports that Buffon asserted that â€Å"the animals of the New World were lesser in size and numbers of species than those of the Old World; that animals common to both continents were smaller in the New World; and that Old World animals transplanted to the New World fared poorly. At the same time â€Å"serpents† and insects abound.†[13] (Thomson). Europeans also doubted American claims regarding huge fossil remains. â€Å"Lycurgus†, a political commentator wrote in 1802, †The name of the Mammoth became a proverbial expression of ridicule and reproach† (â€Å"Lycurgus†) Responding to the damaging implication that America was unhealthy for man, beast , and plant, Jefferson penned his sole: Notes on Virginia. His anger is clear from the brief introduction which says, â€Å"To apologize for this (any deficiency in the text) by developing the circumstances of the time and place of their composition, would be to open wounds which have already bled enough.  Ã¢â‚¬Å" (Jefferson) Jefferson’ s book is a comprehensive effort of research and documentation. (Osborn) Jefferson was determined to silence Buffon, based on his own scientific bent [14], his personal pride in his nation, and his very practical concern about his country’s reputation in the eyes the world (Wilson). Given this background of personal and national pique, Jefferson and the American Philosophical Society funded Peale in his expedition to retrieve giant animal bones in Montgomery. Peale was a good choice.[15]. Peale’s multifarious talents shone in the ingenuity of his gargantuan bucket and chain mechanism to prevent flooding of the Ulster County ma rl pit (Egmond and and Mason 93). This project struck Peale as a civilian battle for a non-military goal, equal in seriousness to any classical subject, and he recorded it via a moody historical genre painting[16]; Exhumation (Brooks 39). Abraham Davidson quotes Peale as explaining, â€Å"Having the desire to represent the scene of getting up the Bones of the Mammoth, it being a very interesting article of the Museum, last summer I undertook a picture .. my exertions excited the admiration of all the people for a considerable distance round that country† (Davidson 620-622) Peale regarded the tedious effort of piecing together the bones as an almost sacred duty, as he noted in his unpublished autobiography, quoted by Miller, â€Å"By perseverance he [Peale] hoped to accomplish an object which would enlighten the whole world with the knowledge of what kind of animal the mammoth, so called, could be.† (L. B. Miller 51) Expressed this way, the topic justifies a historical heroic genre painting to commemorate it [17].Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An eye-witness observer of the excavation, 12 year old Samuel Eager recorded his impressions 45 years later in 1846, as quoted by amateur Orange County historian, Joseph Devine, â€Å"We cannot,†¦ omit to tell of the Mastodon. Contemplating his remains †¦we instinctively think of his great power and lordly mastery over the beasts, of his majestic tread.of his anger when excited to fury, stamping the earth till trembling beneath his feet.snuffing the wind with disdain, and uttering his wrath in tones of thunder,. And the mind quails beneath the oppressive grandeur of the thought, and we feel as if driven along by the violence of a tornado. †¦we move along and ponder on the time when the Mastodon lived, when and how he died, and the nature of the catastrophe that extinguished †¦ this line of terrestrial monarchs† (sic) (Devine) . Rembrandt Peale, in recounting the events, wrote that the workers involved in the excavation exclaimed, â€Å"Great God, what a j aw! How many animals have been crushed by it!† (P. Semonin 327) The residents of Manhattan were just as interested in the remains as the locals of Ulster County [18]. The three unusually complete mastodon skeletons thus recovered formed the core of two exhibits, one of which Peale set up in the Philosophical Hall in Philadelphia[19] (Davidson 624) (Egmond and and Mason 97). Peale and his sons were, by the standards of the day, astonishingly careful of how they mounted and assembled and recorded the bones [20]. Since so many people believed the animal to be carnivorous[21], they installed the tusks facing down and inwards, after the fashion of the fangs of a saber tooth case. Despite their errors, it was unheard of to see a fossil mounted in three dimensions, with missing bones carved to fill in (and announced as such) (P. Semonin 327). The results were gratifyingly dramatic. Peale announced the accomplishment as follows in the newspapers, the Telescope of Leominster, Massachus setts, among them: They were then tho’t to be the remains of a Giant†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Peale goes on ,â€Å"he is in the possession of a Complete Skelleton of this antique wonder of North America;†¦ they must have lain many hundred years – no other vestige remains of these animals; nothing but a confused tradition among the natives of our country, which dates their existence ten thousand moons ago[22]; but whatever might have been the appearance of this enormous quadruped , when clothed with flesh, his massy bones can alone leave us to imagine, already convinced that he was the Largest of the Terrestrial Beings.† [23] (sic) (Peale). The mastodon was at least 12 feet at the shoulder and of its tusks Peale said â€Å"the form is beautiful as infinitely varied circles and spirals can make it† (P. Semonin 327). Peale exploited this drama to stage a lavish and very alcoholic dinner party for 13 inside the skeleton (Egmond and and Mason 98). The brute reality of the skeleton vaporized all the conjectures about giants (â€Å"Lycurgus†). How did visitors view the fossils in this newly dawning Age of Enlightenment? The term â€Å"wonder of the world† was used universally in papers around the colonies (The Mammoth. The National Aegis). There was alarm at the image of a carnivorous monster roaming the colonies. There was relief that this creature did not seem to be immanently threatening to tromp, lope, or race ravenously up Walnut Street in Philadelphia to carry off the young scions of the new republic, bleeding and screaming, in its paradoxically pointed teeth. There was also curiosity. A neighbor of the excavation, Silvanus Miller, asked in a letter to the prominent lawyer and future New York State Governor, â€Å"why in the dispensation of an overruling providence†¦should the animal now be extinct?† (S. Miller) For many thoughtful people, including Peale himself, catastrophism was the best answer[24] (Davidson 62 4). In a never-published autobiography manuscript housed in the Charles C. Sellers’ Collection of Peale Documents in Hebron, Connecticut, Davidson reports that Peale affirmed that this animal to be a â€Å"carniverous [sic] elephant of the north† (Davidson 625). This titillating idea was echoed by the popular press, as for example in the headline describing the mystery creature as;†the LARGEST of terrestrial beings†, buried and lost to human sight since Noah’s flood (Davidson 625)†¦ If this animal was indeed carniverous [sic], which I believe cannot be doubted, though we may as philosophers regret it, we cannot but thank heaven that its whole generation is probably extinct.† (added emphasis) (Davidson 625) As cited in Davidson, a reading of Peale’s own words in his Scientic (sic) and Descriptive Catalogue of Peale’s Museum, dated 1796, suggests that Peale clung to the chain of being as well as the notion of catastrophism theo ry , writing, â€Å"†¦we find that nature gradually, and almost imperceptibly, passes from the most simple beings to the most compound; thus forming that chain or series of being, †¦to the end of time† (Davidson 626)[25] To reinforce this philosophical stance, Peale inscribed over the museum’s south entryway the following verse from Fettiplace Beller’s 1732 poetical drama, Injured Innocence, (L. B. Miller 50): â€Å"The book of Nature open- -Explore the won’drous work. A solemn Institute of laws eternal, Whose unaltered page no time can change, No copier can corrupt.† (La Follette 100) (added emphasis) If going nose to tusk with an extinct animal could not prompt Peale (or Cuvier) to immediately dump the great chain of being and the unchanging creation concepts, then did the mastodon bones have any impact at all? Yes, although some effects took several decades to be felt. The unimpeachable documentation of an extinct species was critical to the acceptance of the notion of species change over time, which permitted a discussion of an older earth. Without these two ideas, paleontology and geology could not develop apace. The unambiguous demonstration in the instance of the mastodon, by Cuvier and others, of the obvious relationship of an extinct animal to a modern animal, contributed to an intellectual climate conducive to Darwin’s synthesis of theory of evolution, even if Cuvier himself did not see it. The careful and thorough study of the Peale mastodon remains also created the groundwork for advances in the study of ancient populations in the New World. Although it was not until 1839 that definitive evidence was presented that human beings co-existed with the extinct species of North America, this evidence might not even have been recognized without the mastodon investigation. (Montagu and Peterson 407-419). Many of the men in the Philosophical Society were also physicians. The study of the mastodon bones, an d the debunking of cherished fictions regarding them, can be viewed as part of a secular shift towards the abandonment of medieval, received wisdom (often obscured by religion) about, among other subjects, the human body, which had characterized the colonial period. It was much easier to reject theories such as that of men possessing one fewer ribs than did women. Instead, the study of human biology was pushed in the direction of direct observation and experimentation, without which modern medicine is not possible. The giant bones served another set of purposes as well. Of course, their immense size silenced all commentary, from Comte de Buffon, or anyone else, about the putative degeneracy of the American continent (The Thomas Jefferson Fossils). Jefferson must have felt that his $2000 investment in Peale’s excavations operation was well worth it. Additionally, Semonin suggests that the mastodon was â€Å"a symbol of the new nation’s own conquering spirit–an e mblem of overwhelming power in a psychologically insecure society. For them the animal’s symbolic meaning far outweighed its scientific significance as evidence of extinct species or a prehuman past. While the mastodon did not compete with the bald eagle as the nation’s official emblem, this majestic Ice Age creature did become an informal icon of national identity for citizens of the new republic.†[26] (P. Semonin) Peale’s Museum succumbed soon after his death, shafted by political inconstancy. This pattern of financial vulnerability is familiar today. His legacy was not lost, however, nor were his mastodons actually lost[27]. Legacy institutions included the Baltimore Museum Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, The American Museum of Natural History (think of those dioramas!). The Academy of Natural Sciences, and the dinosaur exhibit at the Crystal Palace [28] (Egmond and and Mason 100). Peale’s broad and generous vision is reflected almost to the w ord in the founding statements of the Smithsonian Institution[29]. Follette also points out that the struggle over what to show and what to hide continues today, especially when government funding is at stake, as in the Smithsonian [30]. The idea of a public museum, either free or cheap, readily accessible to all classes, genders, and conditions, is a huge contributor to social and educational mobility, offering all citizens the chance to learn outside the classroom, despite the objections, previously noted, of David Brigham, as reviewed by Sidney Hart (Hart, Untitled 11-16). Follette, explicitly drawing a connection between Peale and the hands-on approach of contemporary science museums, points out that, â€Å"Although the modern science and technology centers express continuity with the legacy begun by Peale, in many ways they are also a reaction to the inability or unwillingness of the traditional museums to live up to Peale’s vision; the older institutions no longer succ essfully walk the â€Å"tightrope† between science and popular appeal† (La Follette 44). Charles Willson Peale’s 1801 exhibition of the mastodon skeleton in his Museum was an important event, and not just because the acquisition of the fossils was such a logistical ordeal. The giant bones played a part in the development of paleontology, museum science, the archeological study of Native Americans, human biology, and geology, and the push for public educational institutions. Bibliography â€Å"Lycurgus†. â€Å"Politics, For the Chronicle. The Constitutional Federalist, No. 4, Read and Consider.† 15 March 1802. newsbank. 7 April 2010 http://imgcache.newsbank.com/cache/ean/fullsize/pl_004072010_1404_10340_389.pdf. Annan, Robert. â€Å"Account of a Skeleton of a Large Animal, found near Hudson’s River.† Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2.1 (1793): 160-164. Bell, Whitfield J., Jr. â€Å"A Box of Old Bones: A Note on the Identification of the Mastodon, 1766-1806.† Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 93.2 (1949): 169-177. Brooks, Christopher. â€Å"Painting and Natural History in Eighteenth-Century North America.† Oxford Art Journal (1982): 31-39. Davidson, Abraham A. â€Å"Catastrophism and Peale’s â€Å"Mammoth†.† American Quarterly 21.3 (1969): 620-629. Devine, Joseph. Mastodons of Orange County. 2010. 7 April 2010 http://pealemuseumofdiscovery.org/files/The_Mastodons_of_Orange_County_042809.pdf. Egmond, Florike and Peter and Mason. â€Å"Skeletons on Show: Learned Entertainment and Popular Knowledge.† History Workshop Journal 41 (1996): 92-116. â€Å"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.† 2010. philosophyprofessor. 6 April 2010 http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/comte-de-buffon.php. Hart, Sidney and David C. Ward. â€Å"The Waning of an Enlightenment Ideal: Charles Willson Peale’s Philadelphia Museum, 1790-1820. † Journal of the Early Republic 8.4 (1988): 389-418. Hart, Sidney. â€Å"Untitled.† (n.d.). Jefferson, Thomas. † Notes on the State of Virginia.† 2010. xroads.virginia.edu. 6 April 2010 http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/JEFFERSON/intro.html. La Follette, Marcel C., Lisa M. Buchholz, and John Zilber. â€Å"Science and Technology Museums as Policy Tools- An Overview of the Issues.† Science, Technology, Human Values 8.3 (1983): 41-46. Web. http://www.jstor.org.ezaccess.libraries.psu.e. Miller, Lillian B. â€Å"Charles Willson Peale as History Painter: The Exhumation of the Mastodon.† American Art Journal 13.1 (1981): 47-68. Miller, Silvanus. â€Å"Private letter to De Witt Clinton from Silvanus Offacer.† Nicholas Van Riper, 1815. Montagu, M. F. Ashley and Bernard C. Peterson. â€Å"The Earliest Account Of The Association Of Human Artifacts with Fossil Mammals in North America.† (n.d.): 407-419. Osborn, Henry Fairfield. â€Å"T.J. a s a Paleontoliogist: Science, New Series,Vol. 82, No. 2136 (Dec. 6, 1935), pp. 533-538.† 6 December 1953. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 16 March 2009 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1662361. Peale, Charles Willson. â€Å"The Telescope , or American Herald ( of Leominster Massachussetts); Domestic Intelligence: Pennsylvania. Philad. Dec. 24,.† 3 February 1802. Newsbank/Readex, Database: America’s HIstorical Newspapers, SQN: 10C1052A468908E0. 7 April 2010 http://imgcache.newsbank.com/cache/ean/fullsize/pl_004072010_1254_16839_830.pdf. Prince, Sue Ann, et al. â€Å"Stuffing Birds, Pressing Plants, Shaping Knowledge: Natural History in North America, 1730-1860.† Transactions of the American Philosophical SocietyTransactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 93.4 (2003): 55-74. â€Å"Revolutionary Minds.† 2010. American Scientist. 6 April 2010 http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2007/5/revolutionary-minds/6. â€Å"Rhode-Island. Providence, Aug. 10. the Mammoth Cheese.† XXXV.47 (1801): 2. Sellers, Charles Coleman. â€Å"Peale’s Museum.† Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 43.1 (1953): 253-259. —. â€Å"Peale’s Museum and â€Å"the New Museum Idea†.† Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 124.1 (1980): 25-34. Semonin, Paiul. â€Å"A Cabinet of Curiosities: Peale’s Mastodon:The Skeleton in our closet:.† January 2004. Common-place. : Illinois Press U., Organization of American Historians, JSTOR. 6 April 2010 http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/cp/vol-04/no-02/semonin/. Semonin, Paul. American Monster . New York: New York University Press, 2000. Simpson, Gayllord George and and Tobien, H. â€Å"The Rediscovery of Peale’s Mastodon.† Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 98.4 (1954): 279-281. Simpson, George Gaylord. â€Å". â€Å"The Beginnings of Vertebrate Paleontolog y in North America.† Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 86.1 (1942): 130-188. â€Å"The Mammoth. The National Aegis.† The National Aegis 1.3 (1802): 4. The Thomas Jefferson Fossil Collection: The Mastodon. 2010. 5 April 2010 http://www.ansp.org/museum/jefferson/mastodon/history-03.php. â€Å"The Thomas Jefferson Fossils.† 2010. American Philosophical Society. 6 April 2010 http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/treasures/mastodon.htm. Thomson, Keith S. Jefferson, Buffon, and the European View of America. 2010. 6 April 2010 http://www.adamsjefferson.com/papers/Thomson_paper.pdf. Wilson, Gaye. â€Å"Jefferson, Buffon, and the Mighty American Moose.† 2010. Monticello. 6 April 2010 http://www.monticello.org/press/newsletter/2002/mse.pdf. Footnotes Peale, largely a self-made man, first established a career as a portraitist in Maryland and Virginia, two areas capable of supporting this profession. He moved to Philadelphia in the early 1776, and in the aftermath of the Revolutionary War, a lucrative portrait commission of George Washington in 1779 gave him a career boost. This allowed him to build a studio, sky-lit and spacious, with room for events to publicize his services. However, the 1780s were economically constrained, and additional commissions were hard to come by, no matter how assiduously Peale marketed himself (Brooks 34). From 1784 onwards, his collection of natural and other curiosities, which would evolve into his museum, absorbed his attention, and by the 1790s, he was no longer earning his living by painting (Brooks 35). Brooks asserts that Peale, like other colonial revolutionaries, held that the war had concerned more than merely political change. They â€Å"thought that it might herald a new dawn for mankind in which knowledge would replace superstition and all human institutions would be remade according to the light of reason and utility.† (Brooks 35) Jean Jacques Rousseau’s ideas likely impacted Peale; â€Å"A deist, who was strongly influenced by Rousseau’s Emile, he (Peale) thought that the inherent potential and goodness of man could best be realized by non-coercive teaching which illuminated the truth and harmony of nature. â€Å" (Brooks 35) . The Swedish botanist, Linnaeus, although he made some whopping errors in his Systema Naturae, at least provided a framework for understanding the relationship between species that was based on the observed attributes of the creature, rather than some a pre-conceived, received notion of what animals belonged in what categories (Prince, Rhodes and Peck 2). As an example of the sort of silliness that was in effect before Linnaeus, dolphins were grouped with fish, and thus could be eaten on fast days. As Prince observes of the displays of the 17th century, â€Å"In such cabinets, aesthetically inspiring arrangements were used to create a sense of awe and wonder by stimulating the senses as well as the mind, without regard for an object’s place in a presumed natural order.† (Prince, Rhodes and Peck 2) Prince quotes Peale’s 1792 promotional literature as follows: â€Å"His labours (sic) herein have been great and disappointments many, especially respecting proper methods of preserving dead animals from the ravages of moths and worms. In vain he hath sought, from men, information of the effectual methods used in foreign countries; and after experiencing the most promising ways recommended in such books as he has read, they proved ineffectual to prevent depredations by the vermin of America. But, in making various other experiments, he at length discovered a method of preservation which he is persuaded will prove effectualâ€Å" (Prince, Rhodes and Peck 16) His first efforts were a complete flop (perhaps literally) but he improved swiftly. In the process, he discovered some very successful techniques, such as the use of arsenic to keep away all sorts of pests (Prince, Rhodes and Pec k 4). He utilized his early experience in saddle-making to stretch skins over forms of hand carved wood, which was another innovation (Prince, Rhodes and Peck 18) . He taught himself glass-blowing in order to craft eyeballs. Initially, in his effort to show the whole world in miniature, he set up his specimens in the center of the room with plants and rocks around them; birds above, land animals below. This exhibit design was later replaced by protective cases (Sellers, Peale’s Museum and â€Å"the New Museum Idea† 28). Sellers also describes the painted backgrounds and accompanying props, such as nesting material, or the sort of foliage amongst which the animal might have been found, with which Peale routinely surrounded his specimens (Sellers, Peale’s Museum 254). Peale also developed ways of shipping specimens for receiving specimens and sharing them with other institutions around the world, a practice which is critical to modern museums to maintain their cur rency and avoid boring their visitors (Sellers, Peale’s Museum and â€Å"the New Museum Idea† 28). All these techniques have been bequeathed to us as museum goers. (Sellers, Peale’s Museum and â€Å"the New Museum Idea† 28) Of interest to the field of women’s studies is the acknowledgement that he gave, in his 1800 Discourse Introductory to a Course of Lectures on the Science of Nature; with Original Music, Composed for, and Sung on, the Occasion, to the issue of women’s education, as follows, as quoted by Sellers, â€Å"If education is essential for obtaining happiness-have not our daughters an equal right with our sons to our instruction? and if we consider what kind of education is most useful, we will find generally that which benefits our sons, may equally be serviceable to our daughters; and it is, with real concern, I have noticed the neglect of female education in some of the states.† (Sellers, Peale’s Museum and  "the New Museum Idea† 29) Given that women had lost whatever suffrage rights were accorded them before 1800, and would not re-acquire that right for decades, and that higher education and all professions, access to the courts, and ownership of property were all unavailable to women, this is a stunning affirmation of support for women. It is worth considering whether the successful penetration women have made in participation in jobs and influence in cultural institutions could owe something to Peale’s statement and actions in including women in his lectures. His commitment to universal edification for all, rather than solely for an elite few, is clear in the following quote from his 1800 Discourse Introductory to a Course of Lectures on the Science of Nature; with Original Music, Composed for, and Sung on, the Occasion, He described his idea for the world in miniature, set up to teach everyone in the optimal way, housed in an ample structure, â€Å"in which are arrange d specimens of all the various animals of this vast continent, and of all other countries;- these in high preservation, under glass to secure them from injury. Let us suppose them classically arranged, so that the mind may not be confused and distracted in viewing and studying such a multitude of objects†¦ It is by this kind of order, we may with ease and pleasure acquire knowledge from the great book of nature – Thus reading one leaf at a time, progress to comprehensive acquaintance with the subjects of every country yet explored,-enjoying the whole world!† (Sellers, Peale’s Museum and â€Å"the New Museum Idea† 29)In 1792, he published his proposal to create â€Å"a MUSEUM, by a Collection, Arrangement, and Preservation of the Objects of Natural History, and things useful and curious,† organized according to Linnaen principles of taxonomy, and using his own techniques for preservation† . In this broadside cited by Sellers, Peale sought the public’s aid in helping this idea grow to a â€Å"National Museum† (Sellers, Peale’s Museum 255), similar to those developing contemporaneously in Europe. Peale’s broadside pointed out that, â€Å"America has in this a conspicuous advantage over all other countries, from the novelty of its vast territories. But a small number is yet known of the amazing variety of animal, vegetable and mineral productions, in our forests of 1000 miles, our in-land seas, our many rivers, that roll through several states, and mingle with the ocean. A Museum stored with these treasures must indeed become one of the first in the world; the more so, as the principal naturalists in Europe, will be anxious to acquire. † (Sellers, Peale’s Museum 255) Peale never abandoned this vision of a national educational institution. In one of his lectures about natural history, he stated, as quoted by Prince, â€Å"It (natural history) ought to become a national concern, since it is a national good.† (Prince, Rhodes and Peck 7)Brooks points out that Peale was in congenial company in Philadelphia in proposing the creation of an institution which could both amuse as well as edify. He received support from people nearby like Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Rush, a prominent physician, Robert Patterson, a mathematics professor, and David Rittenhouse, the astronomer (although this practical gentleman worried about Peale abandoning his established portraiture career ) (Sellers, Peale’s Museum and â€Å"the New Museum Idea† 26), as neighbors and colleagues, gentlemen who all admired the sciences as the proper application of intellect, energy and talent. In such company, Peale and his curiosities of the natural world fit right in (Brooks 37). In a 1712 proposal for a Biblia Americana, Reverend Cotton Mather recounts that â€Å"Another tooth and some bones were found at â€Å"Cluverack,† thirty miles from Albany.†He then gives t he Description of one, which he resembles to the Eye-Tooth of a Man; he says it has four Prongs, or Roots, flat, and something worn on the top; it was six inches high, lacking one eighth, as it stood upright on its Root, and almost thirteen inches in circumference; it weigh’d two pounds four ounces Troy weight.† This quote reflects a common theory, then current among even the best educated, that the huge bones were those of the giants mentioned in the Old Testament. As noted elsewhere, native American legends were oddly congruent with this notion of giants living in the past. (G. G. Simpson 135) (Claverack is the charming old Dutch town to which this refers, located in what is today Columbia County, New York. The story came from Governor Dudley, presumably Joseph, governor of Massachusetts and son of one of the original colonists, to whom these remains were brought in 1706 by unnamed Dutch settlers). Mark Catesby, an English naturalist who made observations in the Carol inas, benefitted from the definitive identification by his unnamed African slaves of hitherto unrecognized remains as belonging to some sort of elephant (G. G. Simpson 145). Jefferson is quoted by Osborn as writng, â€Å"Our quadrupeds have been mostly described by Lin-naeus and Mons. de Buffon. Of these the mammoth, or big buffalo, as called by the Indians, must certainly have been the largest. Their tradition is, that he was car-nivorous, and still exists in the northern parts of America. A delegation of warriors from the Delaware tribe having visited the governor of Virginia, during the revolution, on matter of business, after these had been discussed and settled in council, the governor asked them some questions relative to their country, and among others, what they s Loc. cit. knew or had heard of the animal whose bones were found at the Saltlicks on the Ohio. Their chief speaker im-mediately put himself into an attitude of oratory, and with a pomp suited to what he conceived the elevation of his subject, informed him that it was a tradition handed down from their fathers, â€Å"That in ancient times a herd of these tremendous animals came to the Big-bone licks, and began an universal destruction of the bears, deer, elks, buffaloes, and other animals which had been created for the use of the Indians: that the Great Man above, looking down and seeing this, was so enraged, that he seized his lightning, descended on the earth, seated himself on a neighboring mountain, on a rock of which his seat and the print of his feet are still to be seen, and hurled his bolts among them till the whole were slaughtered, except the big bull, who presenting his fore-head to the shafts, shook them off as they fell; but missing one at length, it wounded him in the side; whereon, springing round, he bounded over the Ohio, over the Wabash, the Illinois, and finally over the great lakes, where he is living at this day.† It is well known, that on the Ohio, and in many par ts of America further north, tusks, grinders, and skeletons of unparalleled magnitude, are found in great numbers, some lying on the surface of the earth, and some a little below it†¦. It is remark-able that tVe tusks and skeletons have been ascribed by the naturalists of Europe to the elephant, while the grinders have been given to the hippopotamus, or river horse. Yet it is acknowledged, that the tusks and skele-tons are much larger than those of the elephant, and the grinders many times greater than those of the hippo-potamus, and essentially different in form â€Å" (Osborn) .(sic)These native legends of huge animals sharing the continent in ancient times were paraphrased fancifully and ethnocentrically by Peale as follows: â€Å"TEN THOUSAND MOONS AGO, when nought but gloomy forests covered this land of the sleeping Sun, long before the pale men, with thunder and fire at their command, rushed on the wings of the wind to ruin this garden of nature.. a race o f animals wer e in being, huge as the frowning Precipice, cruel as the bloody Panther, swift as the descending Eagle, and terrible as the Angel of the Night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (L. B. Miller 51) Francois, Marquis de Barbà ©-Marbois, who came to America to see, in person, the states France had been helping militarily Comte de Buffon was a powerful influence on natural history on both continents. His multi-volume work, Histoire Naturelle, demonstrated his belief that species differed the world over, and that the planet was tens of thousands of years older than the mere few thousand years which the Biblical account implied (Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon). In all of this he was at odds with prevailing thought, and Prince describes him as iconoclastic (Prince, Rhodes and Peck). Thomson points out that Buffon’s observations were hampered by not having visited the American continent, by his cherishing a priori ideas about the New World, and by his careless conflation of the vastly differing c limates and eco-systems of the various parts of the continent (Thomson). Jefferson was, himself a careful scientist, e.g. in recording meteorological data for Monticello (Revolutionary Minds) Peale had experience with drawing fossils, having been commissioned to record fossils from the Ohio River Valley several decades earlier. (In fact, it was while these fossils were sitting about his studio that Peale noticed how much public attention they attracted) (Bell 172). With an air of menace reminiscent of Bosch, the giant wheel mechanism dwarfs the insignificant human figures. It is interesting that both the fossils themselves and the paleontological process were thereby permanently documented. This was a novel addition to the protocols of scientific endeavor. It may have helped to set the pattern of mapping and recording of all excavation activities which is de rigeur for any expeditions whether archeological or paleontological or geological, these days. Peale seems to have taken full advantage of his temporary stay in the New York market to exhibit a portion of what he had excavated, and reported his very modern strategic thinking in his diary from 1801, as quoted by Egmond and Mason, noting that â€Å"multitudes of the Citizens came to see them – this exhibition of the Bones might to some appear a disadvantage in the gain of my future exhibition of them but it appeared in different point of view to me – their magnitude surprised many and only served to excite their curiosity to see the intire (sic) Skeleton and I doubt not but many of those Citizens of New York will come to Philada. (sic) on purpose.† (Egmond and and Mason 97) , The other which he sent, in the care of two of his sons, and with great fanfare in the press, to display in Reading and Bristol, England in 1802 (Davidson 624) (Egmond and and Mason 97) They consulted with the available experts, such as Caspar Wistar, a Philadelphia scientist of note, and Peale even wrote for help a nd advice to Georges Cuvier, Europe’s leading scientist in paleontology. (From the appearance of its monftrous grinders, it would ieem as if it had been of the carniverous kind.† (Annan) (sic) It is intriguing to consider that the date of earliest occupation of the North American continent has been pegged popularly at roughly 10,000 years ago. Peale goes on to announce that a separate ticket price will be charged for this exhibit Catastrophism â€Å"was a doctrine able to bridge successfully the gap between the Biblical account of creation, which held that the world was but a few thousand years old, and recent excavations, which seemed to prove empirically that profound changes had occurred upon the earth since earliest times† (Davidson 624). Peale was entranced with the serene static beauty of the Great Chain of Being for more than just its scientific use. He felt that it was a spur to right thought and behavior. In 1801, as quoted by Davidson, Peale expressed t his idea in an address entitled Discourse Introductory to a Course of Lectures on the Science of Nature; with Original Music, Composed for, and Sung on, the Occasion, â€Å"While we are fulfilling the duties which virtue dictates, there is no science that affords us as many lessons to aid us in trying scenes, as the knowledge of natural history; it is a solace producing a serene tranquility of mind amid the turmoils of our worldly concerns; to our youth (to whom all things are new) it is a source of infinite utility in [illegible word] them from destructive habits, for, if they enter with zeal into this pleasing source of meditation, they will not easily be seduced from the paths of virtue† (sic) (Davidson 627). Within months of Peale’s exhibit, a huge cheese was created and christened the Mammoth Cheese, and carted around to publicize the superb dairying in Cheshire, in Berkshire County in Western Massachusetts (Rhode-Island. Providence, Aug. 10. the Mammoth Cheese) T he fossils avoided fire, and endured at least four re-mountings, ending up in Germany (G. G. Simpson and a. T. 279-281) English exhibitors copied several of Peale’s publicity stunts, e.g. the much more famous dinner party inside the Iguanodon at London’s Crystal Palace. Sellers quotes the institutional goals of the Smithsonian Institution as the â€Å"arrangement, upon a liberal scale, of objects of natural history, including a geological and mineral cabinet, also a chemical laboratory, a library, a gallery of art, and the necessary lecture rooms.† (Sellers, Peale’s Museum and â€Å"the New Museum Idea† 32) Today the conflict may concern the Enola Gay bomb carrying airplane, whereas Peale had to contend with the decision whether or not to display birth monstrosities (La Follette 46) This essay on The Mastodon which Made a Museum was written and submitted by user Adel1ne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Leaving You Essays - Grieve, Transport In Peru,

Leaving You i must leave you for a short while please do not grieve and shed wild tears and hug your sorrows to you through the years but start out bravely with a gallant smile and for my sake and in my name live on and do all things the same feed not your loneliness on empty days but fill each waking hour in useful ways reach out your hand in comfort and in cheer and i in return will comfort you and hold you dear and never, never be afraid to die for i am waiting for you in the sky!

Lotus Bakery, Case Study Essays

Lotus Bakery, Case Study Essays Lotus Bakery, Case Study Paper Lotus Bakery, Case Study Paper Lotus Bakeries NV International case study Bart Bauwens Director Export November 2010 Personal introduction Bart Bauwens – 1967 Master in Business Economics University of Ghent, Belgium – 1991 Master in Business Administration – National University of Singapore – 2008 Specialisation in Export Management University of Antwerp, Belgium 1/1/2000: Start with Lotus Bakeries Director Sales Marketing Lotus Bakeries Asia Pacific : 1/11/2003 – 31/07/2008 Since 1/08/2008: Director Export Aim of this lecture : Introduce you shortly to Lotus Bakeries, our products and our structure and link it to our export strategy Go over some very simple basic principles to take in consideration in export with focus on 4 P’s Case: introducing Lotus in China Challenge you to think beyond the known and see international business with different eyes Q A. Contents : 1) Who is Lotus Bakeries ? 1. History 2. Products 3. Organizati on 4. Results 5. Corporate Strategy 6. Realisation most important projects 2) Why exporting ? 3) How to start the export adventure ? 4) Case : Introduction of Lotus in China 5) QA 1) Who is Lotus Bakeries ? 1. History 932 1974 1988 2001 2006 2008 Foundation Lotus NV Merger with Corona IPO Lotus brand Acquisition of Koninklijke Peijnenburg (NL) Acquisition of Anna’s Pepparkakor (SE) 2. Products Caramelised biscuits Gingerbread Cakes Waffles Pepparkakor Caramelized biscuits Gingerbread Cakes Waffles Pepparkakor 3. Operational organisation Corporate headquarters in Lembeke 3. Operational organisation Corporate Executive Committee Group Management Team Northern Eastern Europe Belgium Netherlands France UK North America Export 3. Operational organisation Production plants Belgium: 4 France: 2 Netherlands: 3 Sweden: 1 Canada: 1 3. Operational organisation Production plants Canada: Calgary F: Comines Briec SE: Tyreso NL: Enkhuizen, Geldrop, Sintjohannesga B: Lembeke, Oostakker, Meise, Courcelles 3. Operational organisation Logistics centre Belgium – Central logistics centre in Lokeren for Belgium, France, Germany and export 3. Operational organisation Own sales organisations EUROPE San Francisco: USA Canada Singapore: Asia Pacific 3. Operational organisation Other export markets Export department in Belgium for Europe and Middle East Cooperation with specialized importers 4. Results 2009 Evolution of turnover – in mio EUR 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 56,7 224,5 179,3 152,3 261,1 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 4. Results 2009 EVOLUTION OF TURNOVER in millions of EUR Evolution of turnover 2009 – in mio EUR 275,0 250,0 225,0 200,0 175,0 150,0 125,0 100,0 75,0 50,0 25,0 0,0 1987 1994 1995 2001 2002 2009 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 4. Results 2009 To tal turnover 2009 261. 1 mio EUR Evolution Compared with 2008: + 1. 7% Like for like: stable evolution in 2009 versus 2008, taking in account: Takeover Anna’s Divestment Harry’s Benelux Falling sales Jaffa Cake Bars with expiry of the contract with Mc Vities Geographical turnover 2009 per area N-America 6,1% NE EU 8,1% UK 5,1% Export 5,1% Belgium 30,5% France 14,0% Netherlands 31,0% REBIT and REBITDA 2009 mio EUR 2009 2008 Evolution % Turnover Depreciation and amounts written off REBIT REBITDA 261. 1 (12. 1) 256. 7 (11. 0) + 1. 7 + 9. 8 34. 6 48. 2 34. 0 45. 7 + 1. 6 + 5. 5 REBIT and REBITDA 6 m 2010/ 6 m 2009 mio EUR Turnover Depreciation and amounts written off REBIT REBITDA 6 m 2010 6 m 2009 127. 2 (5. 6) 17. 5 24. 3 Evolution % 125. 9 (5. 5) 16. 1 22. 7 + 1. 1 + 3. 2 + 8. 8 + 7. 4 5. Lotus Bakeries growth strategy General theme of our strategic choices We focus our growth objectives on xpanding our best performing products†¦ †¦not on ‘fixing’ weaker performing products We believe that†¦ â€Å"The better a product is performing, the further it is away from its full potential† 5. Lotus Bakeries growth strategy Choices â€Å"To become the number 1 branded leader in our specialty bakery products by maintaining a clear superior taste experience. We want to achieve sales growth ahead of market growth to create room for more investments into the market. † Original Caramelised biscuits : drive to full potential Pepparkakor: become clear leader in Nordics and focus on US + Export to Japan. OCB spread: make the success sustainable in home countries Gingerbread: sharpen positioning and invest behind stars Waffles: develop star products with international potential Cakes: invest behind stars Private label: be very selective Specific growth objectives based on consumer insights (penetration, frequency, value) Strong trade marketing capabilities to win the war in the store Sharp communication on consumption moments linked with brand essence Format innovations to expand star products Maintained lean and flexible supply model to follow the stars and trade activation 5. Lotus Bakeries growth strategy TOP culture TEAMSPIRIT PASSION OPEN DIALOGUE We are using 3 main brands: Lotus, Peijnenburg and Anna’s: Lotus is the main international brand Home markets NL Speculoos BE/FR Nordics International Pepparkakor Spread Ginger bread Waffles Cakes 6. Realisation most important projects. 6. Realisation most important projects. 5. New corporate website 2) Why exporting ? Geographical objectives Caramelized biscuits: become a global player as market- and brandleader. Geographical objectives Gingerbread : become market- and brandleader in The Netherlands, Belgium, France Geographical objectives Cakes : originally regional. Market- and brandleader in the local market of each speciality. Geographical objectives Waffles: strong presence in countries with own sales office. Geographical objectives Annas Ginger Thins: maintain leading position in Scandinavia and introduce it world wide. Geographical objectives Diversification of the market Need for new turn over Competition in home market Demand from abroad Unique product to bring to the world Love to travel 3) How to start the Export adventure ? How to start the export adventure ? Analysis and home work SWOT – Analyse 5 Forces Model of Porter McKinsey 7S Model Go – No go Practical and start 4 P’s SWOT Analysis 5 Forces Model Porter What determines the average industry profitability ? 7S Model What are our core competences on Company level ? Go – No go Concentric approach Go ? Start 4P’s or 7 P’s 4 P’s More in production oriented industries Product Price Place Promotion 4P’s or 7 P’s 3 extra P’s More in a service industry People Process Physical Evidence 3. 1 Unique product and unique concept for export Some questions on the product The product for export is not the same as the product for your domestic market: Why? Some questions on the product Which products can I sell in export? Why should I export this product? Do I have to adapt the taste, shape, details of the products? What about the local rules in f. i. food safety? What about the local rules in packaging and labeling? What about the size, weight, colour,†¦ of my product? Is my packaging suitable for overseas export (transport, palletisation,†¦. ) Some questions on the product Do I have a story on my product or an unique concept? Does my product requires special production methodes, different from the methodes used for my domestic products? Do I need to do more indepth research? 3. 2 Price structure for export Bott om up calculation Cost price calculation: how much does my products cost basically? Raw materials, labour, overheads, internal transport, warehousing, General Administration costs, †¦ How much gross margin do I need – want ? Bottom up calculation Which Incoterm do we use? Ex Works - inside EU FOB - overseas Others: liability? (CF, CIF,†¦) Bottom up calculation Extra costs for export? Extra packaging extra labels Transport: refer or not? Special transport modus? Extra people involved? Extra documents (certificate of origin, health certificate, transport documents, †¦) Insurance Bottom up calculation Extra costs for marketing support overseas Sampling degustation Introduction Listing fees Actions and promotions Local sales team? Instore activities, publicity, advertising, †¦ Top down check Competition Who is it and what type of products do they sell What is their pricing level? Top down check Market How much spending power do peopl e have? What proportion of that power is spent to products like mine? Is the market price sensitive or not? Potential extra costs barriers Potential Extra Costs Import duties Exchange rate: cost of money Potential extra costs barriers Potential Barriers Tarrifs Import duties, Transit duties (India),†¦ Non-Tarrifs Rules, laws that change,†¦ F. i. closure of Chinese ports during Olympics 3. 3 Place : Local Distribution in export What kind of local distribution ? Different forms of partnership in distribution depending on how complex you want to go Agent : intermediair between you and potential clients. You sell to the local client, the agent gets a commission. Importer: you sell directly to him; he markets your product Importer wholesaler What kind of local distribution ? Different forms of partnership in distribution depending on how complex you want to go Representative office: check the market Sales office: part of own organisation Joint Venture: check the market Local production: own local company Be prepared Who is our local partner ? Checklist. General information: name, address, phone numbers,.. How is he structured? Who are his clients? Geographic structure: e. g. in China: is he all over the country? Own sales people? Logistics: does he has his own warehouse and trucks? How is he organised? What other products does he import – distribute – manufacture ? Be prepared Who is our local partner ? Checklist. Conditioning of the products locally: refrigerator or not, stock capacity, how will he handle our products? Is he a brand builder? Is he market leader? Exclusivity or not? Territorial protection? How to check? Via internet or own network etc Via banks, Chamber of Commerce, business Clubs,†¦ Via Embassy or FIT 3. 4 Promotion : Export marketing Export marketing Brand or Private label ? OEM ? What does our brand means in that country? What is our brand positioning? What is our target public there? Export marketing What actions ? Sampling and tastings How to measure the impact of actions? How to get the exact figures? Nielsen , GFK,†¦ Export marketing Local rules on advertising ? Any restrictions ? Anything we can’t do ? Export marketing Co st of marketing actions : How much budget do we need ? How much is paid by our local partner ? Cultural issues Cultural: position of men and women? Religious rules (written or non written) Language Colours Political issues: avoid . 5 People : Internal Structure Internal structure Do we have an export department ? Do we need an export manager? Who will do the back office? Can we be reached the whole day? Do we master the languages? Internal structure Export needs to be structured Focus leads to succes. Other departments Logistic department : Inter company transport Transport to harbour Export documents Other departments Quality management : What rules? How to use them in a commercial way Other departments IT department : Internet connections SAP Other departments Finance department : Export cost money Other departments General management : Everybody in the company must believe in export Communication with collegues and management: personal PR Take everybody with you in the story 3. 6 Process : Process Procedures, flows, processes etc. by which services are consumed : How does the supply chain go from our suppliers over our company all the way to the end consumer of our product or service? How do we manage and controle those processes? Audits? ISO? 3. 7. Physical Evidence : Physical evidence The ability and environment in which the service is performed What tools do we need to perform and deliver? How can we measure our clients needs and expectations ? How can we meet these expectations ? How to reach customers with other expectations ? 4. Case : Introduction of Lotus in China 4. 1. Prospection phase Prospection phase Since 2000 we started to follow the Chinese market and tried to get insights How is the market organised and structured Who are the local and international players in the market – production and sales ? How does the supply chain looks ? What type of consumers do we have and what is the segmentation we can do ? Prospection phase Partner selection : done by 2004 How do we want to enter the market ? No own production No own company No direct delivery to the retailers ? Via an importer They know the market They take ownership and responsability Prospection phase Partner selection : done by 2004 Who are the import companies? What is their strenght and potential ? What kind of contract do we have ? Analyse 2009 : Analyse of existing partner in view of challenges in growth and logistic power for world expo 2010 : new partner selected 4. 2. Start up phase Start up phase : Products : Only speculoos Focus on coffee + cookie concept Single wrapped packs and family packs Start up phase : Region : China is too big to be seen as one country Different languages Different cultures Different eating paterns †¦ Where do we start ? Shanghai Rest of China (e. g. Carrefour) 4. 3. Growth phase Sales marketing support 2010 : Sales are supported based on a marketing plan What action : sampling and tasting, TG/gondola, 2nd placement†¦ Cost of actions Estimated volume and sales Agreed by Lotus Bakeries Sales marketing support 2010 : Support : Mostly in free sampling goods, participation to exhibitons, tastings †¦ Pricing situation Mostly our price level in the trade is OK. We are cheaper priced then high end brands like Bahlsen, JDS etc†¦ and of course higher priced then local manufactured products. Positioning : sophisticated (from Europe), yet accessable. Brand salience in China Challenges : Need to translate our brand salience and visualise this link with coffee consumption at home. Brand salience in China Challenges : Consistency in our communication: Look and feel of new OCB packaging Sampling booth Website: www. lotusbakeries. cn Action and promotions Brand salience in China Challenges : Technical : how do we make publicity ? What kind of setting ? What kind of models ? Sampling in the basis Possible sampling places and moments ? World expo at Belgian Pavillion Retail in Shanghai during the expo period In atrium or shopping centra Street : sampling in Nanjing Lu, Huaihai Lu and other main shopping streets Bars, hotels†¦ during night events ? Exhibitions : Food Hotel China, Sweets China, at the entrance and corridors, in our booth†¦ Sampling @ Expo In 3 locations : at the entrance of the Belgian Pavillion, in coffee shop and in shop Lotus has developped the wrapper and will give 8. 00. 000 biscuits for free 1 biscuit per second Biggest sampling action for Lotus ever Sampling @ Expo The focus is on one pack : OCB 25X1 which is sold in the pavillion at the same price as downtown Shanghai (22 RMB) Local coordination by PAF trainee Sampling @ Expo Queuing for the Belgian Pavilion Queuing for the Belgian Pavilion sampling sampling sampling sampling sampling In the shop In the shop In the shop In the shop In the shop Questions ? Thank you for your attention www. lotusbakeries. com

Batting lineup against any one particular team Research Paper

Batting lineup against any one particular team - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that statistics are useful in almost any area of life. Consider the workplace, home, social organization, or sports arena. Statistical analysis enables us to consider where we have been, where we are going, and how effective we have been at both stages. It is a process that allows us to consider and realize trends, either positive or negative, and lead us to conclusions about what to do next. Owing to this reality, it is therefore important to consider the myriad of uses that statistics brings to everyday life. To accomplish this, this paper will examine a hypothetical problem and propose a research question that can be solved through statistical analysis. Consider the sport of baseball. Each team has a manager who bases many of his decisions on various pieces of statistics that are given to him. A team’s batting lineup, for example, often is a critical piece to the number of runs a team scores, and their ability to win games. It can be said, therefore, that a team’s batting lineup depends upon statistical analysis and affects their ability to score runs, hit off certain pitchers, and avoid putting hitters in situations where they are likely to fail. The problem in baseball, like many of life’s situations, is that basing a decision on wrong assumptions can be disastrous. The batting lineup in baseball is a critical component. All aspects of the hitter and the opposing team’s pitcher must be considered when making out the lineup.... Research Question The research question for this problem would be: What batting lineup will prove the most effective against any one particular team? Data Collection To answer this question, there is a plethora of data the collected in order to assist in the statistical analysis that will lead to the formation of an effective batting order. To begin, the manager would need to collect various components of a player’s batting average. This includes, but is certainly not limited to, the following items: 1) A hitters overall batting average, 2) A hitters average with runners in scoring position, 3) A hitters average against right handed pitchers, 4) A hitters average against left handed pitchers, and 5) A hitters average against the specific opposing pitcher assigned to any one particular game (Albright, 1993, p. 1178). The data to be collected can be gathered by taking a look at a player’s combined batting averages over the course of a season. In today’s day and age , this is usually simplified with the use of technology. It is important to collect the data from one season only, as a hitters performance tends to fluctuate season by season, so their performance in previous years may not reflect on this current ability, or inability, to hit well against a particular pitcher this year (Talsma, 1999, p. 738). When thinking about much how much data is needed to solve this problem, more is definitely better. The more data that can be covered, in as many relevant areas as possible, the more benefit the statistical analysis can be to provide a manager with the accurate picture they need to assess player performance as the season progresses. Data Analysis It is not enough to simply collect a bunch of data related to hitting in baseball. The data must then be analyzed

College of Business Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

College of Business - Personal Statement Example As what the College of Business website admonishes its visitors to do - "explore our programs, our people and our ideas. Be part of a brilliant future" (University of Illinois). The wholistic approach towards business education which the University offers to its students will definitely help me achieve this. The school does not only prepare its students theoretically but it also gives opportunity to practical applications through its internship program as well as the faculty members who had ample experience in the field. This brand of education from the University will be my invincible weapon to survive the battle ground. Accordingly, in several occasions I have seen how a well-grounded education as well as deep appreciation of one's culture can help a person succeed not only personally and professionally but for the whole country as well. Summer of 2006, I had a chance to visit Japan. Even though I stayed there for just a short time, I was impressed with how passionate the Japanese people are over their continuing search for the latest skill such as electronic gadgets, animation, and fashion without taking for granted their own culture and respecting other people's culture. The Japanese continuously study and train to improve in their field. They even get their education and training from abroad after which they go back to their country to bring their learning back home. I humbly say that all these professionals form part of their human capital. Through the education of College of Business, I will be able to understand how the universal economy works and may be able to bring these gigantic influences to my home country, Korea. During a high school career fair, I met a woman who is a proud and successful graduate of the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign with accounting degree. Her success brought her to South Korea to work for Samsung, one of the biggest companies in my home country. She shared her thoughts about Korean culture and doing business in my country. Importantly, she explained to me how Korean culture reflects the trend of Korea economy in subtle form. This short conversation with her led me to assure that I need to go into College of Business to study accounting and comprehend the business world of Asia. The woman's talk inspired me to follow her footsteps. In both instances (Japan and the woman from Samsung), I realized the huge potential of the Asian market in the world economy. Being an Asian myself who is studying in a Western country, I wish to explore this market more deeply and contribute further to transform Asia into an equally competitive market to the global world. Furthermore, I personally realized that the money really does control the world (comment: I though you didn't want to emphasize money, I suggest we delete this sentence). Through studying the accounting thoroughly, I wish to be part of the business world with fullness of experience and achieve the development of not only my own country but also the wholeness of Asia. Thus, getting a good education from an established school like the University of

Music and Social Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music and Social Change - Research Paper Example This paper will examine the reggae music genre, discussing its impact on society. Bob Marley, as well as other notable reggae artists, has a definite influence on the society as they advocate for social change through their music. During his brief life (1945-1981), Bob Marley rose from obscurity and poverty to international superstardom. Bob Marley remains the single third world artist to attain such worldwide acclaim. Bob Marley attained this status through charisma and ambition, and was it, not for these traits, reggae music would still be restricted to Jamaican ghettoes, which was its origin. Bob’s life changed when Haile Selassie visited Jamaica. Haile Selassie, the Ethiopian Emperor, was a cherished savior of Africans in Jamaica. Bob’s ideologies shifted after spending one year in America where he witnessed the evils of the free market, as well as the oppression of capitalism while working at a major corporation (Stephens 34). After returning to Jamaica, Bob established the Rastafarianism religion, which entailed wearing his hair in dreadlocks. Rastafarianism had a significant influence on Bob’s music as he sang about how the white race oppressed Africans. Bob’s main songs that speak to social change are Buffalo Soldier and Could You be Loved. Bob’s reputation transcended the controversy associated with his practice of Rastafarianism. He was regarded as a peacemaker, which is notable through his Smile Jamaica concert that sought to reduce tensions between rival gangs associated with two of the main national parties during an election period (White 124). Bob and his best friend Bunny wrote many songs that had a monumental impact on the Jamaican and global society. Bob used his music to send off messages of hope, love, and peace (Jah). At the end of all his songs, Bob Marley used the words â€Å"Jah Rastafari† to show his belief in Jah, i.e. peace and love.  

Purification of Immunoglobulin G by Ion-Exchange

Purification of Immunoglobulin G by Ion-Exchange Purification of Immunoglobulin G by Ion-Exchange Chromatography and Immunoelectropheresis William McTavish Joseph Zappa Introduction Immunoglobins or, Antibodies, are soluble proteins secreted from host differentiated plasma cells that target and eliminate specific antigens to protect the host from disease (Jakoby, 1971). There are five isotypes of immunoglobulin: IgM, IgD, IgA , IgE and IgG, with IgG being the most prominent antibody found in blood circulation of the host. The purification of specific antibodies has led to the development of techniques such as western blotting; where desired proteins can be targeted by monoclonal antibodies engineered for a specific affinity for that protein( Burnette, 1981). The basis of immunoglobulin purification can begin with a technique of â€Å"salting out†, used vastly for precipitating organic molecules and is the first step in protein purification (Tsutomu and Timasheff, 1984). Immunoglobins are small soluble proteins that can be found within serum that is removed from a blood sample taken from the host. Hydrophillic immunoglobins contain amino acids that are polar or possess an ionic charge. Counter ions in the serum of the host are attracted to these polar and ionic charges making the proteins soluble in the solvent. By destabilizing the intermolecular forces between the immunoglobins and the serum solvent there can be an induced precipitation of these proteins. Ammonium sulfate is a highly used compound in salting out procedures, for when ammonium sulfate dissociates, the large sulfate ions form hydrogen bonds between the polar molecules found in the serum (Tsutomu and Timasheff, 1984). The quenching effect of sulfate removes hydrogen bonds and intermolecular forces away from the protein molecules, forcing them to form bonds between one another. This forced intermolecular bonding between proteins causes an accumulation of aggregated proteins and eventually, at the right concentration of salt, precipitation out of solution (Tsutomu and Timasheff, 1984). Although the precipitation of immunoglobulin from host serum with Ammonium sulfate is an efficient procedure for isolating globin, it does not allow for the accurate determination of a specific isotype of immunoglobulin. Ion exchange chromatography is a prominent technique used to acquire a single desired protein, including a specific isotype of immunoglobins. All molecules, including immunoglobulin that have ionizable groups have a net surface charge that is highly dependent on the environmental pH in which that molecule is in. The pH of an environment can dictate the amount of charge present on a molecule, whether it is more positive or more negative, as well as neutral (Grodzki, and Berenstein, 2010). The neutral point, where all positive charges cancel out the negatives is expressed as the pI of the molecule (Grodzki, and Berenstein, 2010). Since all proteins vary in their pI they will express specific charges at any specific pH. This characteristic of immunoglobulin is utilized in Ion exchange chromatography to isolate specific isotypes even if they vary only slightly in charge. IgG, as well as other isotypes of Ig, have a pI occurring near neutral pH so Anion exchange resins are often used for this type of chromatography. Anion Exchangers utilize resin that contains positively charged functional groups that act as counter ions towards protein being eluted through the column (Determann et al. 1969). With the resin set at a specific pH, the proteins that are most positive will exit the column first due to the repulsion of charges between the positive protein and positive resin. The next proteins to elute will be the neutral ones followed by the negatively charged proteins. Proteins are removed in this manner by constantly adding more of the buffer the column is immersed in. By adding more buffer there is an increased competition for associating with the resins charges, which in turn dissociates protein from the resin and further elutes them through the column (Determann et al. 1969). Not only does the charge of the beads matter but also the flow and porosity of the resin, alternations of these can allow for either a more broaden column exchange or a far more refined one. Diethyl aminoethyl (DEAE)-cellul ose is a commonly used resin for anion exchanging due to its higher porosity and positive functional groups that allows for better flow properties of the column. Increased flow rate allows for separation of more bulky and crude proteins, such as crude immunoglobulin, and aids in a higher resolution of separated proteins (Determann et al. 1969). Once several fractions of the column elution is collected there is many ways to identify which fraction is most likely containing the desired protein of isolation including determining the optical density of the fractions with a spectrophotometer. The OD of Immunoglobulin and other proteins can be determined by selecting a specific wavelength of light and beaming it through the elution fraction and recording the amount of transmitted light via photoreceptors (Edelhoch, 1967). A common wavelength used for identifying immunoglobulin is 280nm, this wavelength is absorbed by the amino acid tryptophan in proteins. Absorption of this wavelength in protiens makes it a proportional reduction of transmitted light based on the concentration of protein present in the column fraction (Edelhoch, 1967). The higher the reduction in transmitted light, the higher the OD reading for a fraction. A fraction of elute from Ion exchange chromatography may contain the desired Immunoglobulin G, but to further prove this, a technique called Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) can be used to confirm the purity of Immunoglobulin fraction. Immunoelectrophoresis is a two-part technique that combines the use of electrophoresis and zone of equivalence of immune complexes to determine a positive result. Electrophoresis is another basic technique used in separating proteins based on size and charge to obtain separate sections of protein in agar gel or other resins such as polyacrylamide in SDS-PAGE techniques.(1) Proteins separate into a gradient of smallest more positive charged towards the cathode to smallest most negative charged towards the anode, with the larger, less charged proteins in the middle gradient. (Serwer and Wright, 2012). After protein separation has occurred in the welled samples, there is addition of antibody specific for certain protein that may be isolated out of the samples used in the experiment. If proteins are present that are the target of affinity for the added antibodies there will be association of antibody:antigen complexes. These complexes will form in the agar gel and at the proper gradient of both antibody and antigen concentrations there will be precipitation of these complexes out of the solution (Slater, 1975). This correct gradient is called the zone of equivalence and is frequently used in determining the presence of desired protein molecules, including immunoglobulin (Slater, 1975). Several other techniques are used in isolating proteins, an extremely prominent technique is the use of Antibodies themselves in Immunofluorescence (IF). Antibodies are engineered to contain a specific affinity towards a desired molecule, protein or even a whole cell. IF can work in either two ways: the first involves a single antibody engineered towards a desired antigen containing a flurochrome itself and emits fluorescent light to be detected. The second contains a secondary antibody that has affinity for the primary antibody binding to an antigen, this secondary antibody is the one that contains the fluochrome for detection (Johnson, 2006). In either of these techniques there is the advantage of staining samples of proteins or cells and identifying not just a single antigen but several with several different antibodies. This technique is extremely useful for identifying proteins in cell structures as well as identifying the presence of proteins in biological systems. Methods and Materials All methods used in this experiment can be located in the Immunology Laboratory Manual cited in references. There were two major alternations to the Immunoelectrophoresis experiment; There was a time of 1.5 to 2 hours allowed for electrophoresis of the agar slides instead of 1 to 1.5 hours. There was also an expansion of time from 24 hours to 48 hours allowed for the IEP slide to rest in a cold room before soaking in 1% NaCl solution. Results A high concentration of IgG was isolated in the third elution fraction from DEAE-cellulose Ion exchange chromatography. Optical density of six Ion exchange chromatography elution fractions were taken with a spectrophotometer to determine protein concentration at a wavelength of 280nm (Fig 1). The highest optical density was observed in the third elution fraction (Fig 1). This illustrates that the largest concentration of protein at a similar charge was eluted at the third fraction of the Ion exchange experiment. Figure 1. Third fraction of DEAE-celluose elution scored the highest optical density. All fractions were tested with spectrophotometry and optical density measurements were taken at a wavelength of 280nm (Fig 1). Results are shown as single values of optical density (OD) and relate to the amount of protein concentration in each fraction. (Fig 1) Immunoelectrophoresis of isolated protein reveals presence of purified IgG in response to Goat anti-rabbit serum Presence of Rabbit Immunoglobin was tested for using Immunoelectrophoresis with Goat anti-rabbit serum. Normal rabbit serum and purified fraction of protein were welled on a 1% agar slide and proteins were separated based on charge via electrophoresis. Anti-rabbit serum was added and results were taken for precipitation of immune complexes 48 hours later (Fig 2). Thin white lines between the wells and trough are precipitated immune complexes and thus show a positive test for rabbit immunglobins (Fig 2). Figure 2. Precipitated immune complexes reveal immunoglobin presence in normal rabbit serum and purified fraction. Proteins were isolated based on charge via electrophoresis to isolate specific proteins. Goat Anti-rabbit serum was added as antibody for rabbit immunoglobin and incubated for 48 hours. Distinction of grey and white bands are positive results regardless Discussion Purified Rabbit Immunoglobin G was isolated from Normal rabbit serum using DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and Immunelectropheresis with Goat anti-rabbit serum. Once the majority of proteins were salted out of the normal rabbit serum, Ion exchange chromatography was used to separate all proteins from the sample of crude globin. Since immunoglobin proteins are soluble in the blood and are near neutrally charged at philological pH, a large amount of protein was expected to elute roughly half way through the Ion exchange chromatography regardless of using anion or cation exchange columns (Grodzki and Berenstein, 2010). These results occurred for the DEAE-cellulose Ion exchange column used to separate crude rabbit globulin in our experiment. The third elution fraction, of six, contained the highest optical density when evaluated with the spectrophotometer at 280nm. Optical density is related to the concentration of protein in a sample, thus the fraction containing the highest amount of protein was the third fraction which was collected half way through the elution process. Although the method of determining sample concentrations for proteins can vary, these results can be seen in similar protein isolation studies such as Ye et al. article Isolation of lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, ÃŽ ±-lactalbumin, ÃŽ ²-lactoglobulin B and ÃŽ ²-lactoglobulin A from bovine rennet whey using ion exchange chromatography. The protein isolated is presumed to be the globulin isotype Iummogloublin G, this is due to the nature of circulating antibodies found in the serum of the rabbit. The most prominent antibody isotype circulating in the blood is IgG, which binds to antigens, forming immune complexes as well as aiding in many other immune system mechanisms such as compliment activation, opsonization and etc (Collins and Jackson, 2013). Immunoelectrophoersis with Goat anti-rabbit serum was used next to determine whether or not the isolated protein in the third elution fraction is Immunoglobulin G. The nature of this experiment depends on two key process gel electrophoresis and precipitation of Immune complexes. If electrophoresis is preformed properly there should be a separation of proteins based on charge/size from the samples that were welled on the agar covered slide used in the experiment; creating small zones of protein purity along the slide (Slater, 1975). Since the eluted fraction sample should only contain one kind of protein and is roughly pure, there should only be one zone of protein sample, where the normal rabbit serum, containing an array of different proteins, will electrophoresis out into several different zones of protein. Determining these zones of protein was done by adding Goat anti-rabbit serum and allowing diffusion into the gel to create zones of equivalence between antibody and antigen, thu s precipitating the complex to be seen visibly (Serwer and Wright, 2012). For a positive result on the purity of the fraction sample only a single precipitation line formed at the zone of equivalence would be seen. The results for the purity of the fraction sample was conclusive with the above expectations, only a single faint precipitated line was seen on the gel; therefore re-enforcing that there is only a single protein isolated from the Ion exchange elution phase. The single protein isolated is promptly IgG due to it’s response to the anti-Rabbit serum containing anti-rabbit globulin. Immunelectrophoresis was used in this experiment to confirm the presence of IgG in the eluted fraction sample taken from DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The reason this method was used was due it’s simplicity in determining specific immune complexes and thus re-ensuring purity. It is relatively quick in determining the presence of antigen, in this case the immunoglobin G of rabbit, and gives results ready to be read visually, lacking the need for software or other means of identification. The draw back of this technique is that it takes some practical skill in preparation and is only useful in identifying the purity of one sample at a time. Techniques such as western blotting would be more efficient for studies that desire more than a single purity such as Yang et al’s article Correlation between the overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and mesenchymal markers in endometrial carcinoma. An alternation to this experiment could be made in the chroma Purification of Immunoglobins is an extremely useful procedure. Being able to isolate specific classes of Immunoglobulin aids in research of host immune deficiencies such as the research done by Tamura et al in their article Tumor-Produced Secreted Form of Binding of Immunoglobulin Protein Elicits Antigen-Specific Tumor Immunity as well as many other fields of host immunity and clinical research. Successful purification and crystallization of Immunoglobulin has also allowed for insight on how host immune systems respond to infection and the biological processes that take place in these responses. References Jakoby, W.B. 1971. Cystallization as a purification technique, Enzyme Purification and Related Techniques, Methods in Enzymology. 22: 246-252 Determann, H. Meyer, N. Wieland, T. 1969. Ion exchanger from pearl-shaped cellulose gel. Nature 223: 499-500 Edelhoch, H. 1967. Spectrospoic determination of tryptophan and tyrosine in proteins Burnette, N.W. 1981. â€Å"Western Blotting†: Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A. Analytical Biochem 112: 1935-203 Tsutomu A. and Timasheff, S.N. 1984. Mechanism of protein salting in and salting out by divalent cation salts: balance between hydration and salt binding Biochemistry(23)25:5912-5926 321 -Grodzki, A.C. Berenstein, E. (2010) Antibody Purification: Ion-Exchange Chromatography Methods in Molecular Biology 588: 27-32 Slater, L. 1975. IgG, IgA and IgM by formylated rocket immunoelectrophoresis. 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