Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Essay Example Classicism as a movement spans across literature, the arts, and even architecture; it was strongly associated with absolutism and the need for clear divisions of parts. At the time, the buildings and artworks were made in bright colors yet they contrasted each other; overall, classical era production was simple and less complex than previous periods. These ideas mostly came from developments in science and philosophy where it was established that things tend to follow certain rules; in accordance with Newtonian physics, the most stable structures were the highly ordered ones. These influences entered the arena of music when audiences and players began adding structure to their pieces; unlike the previous Baroque period that had layered melodies and harmonies, the classical era had homophonic music where the harmony was inferior to the melody (Hoffer 124). Tonal structures were deeply emphasized at the time owing to the emphasis on chords; sometimes this was done at the expense of melodic smoothness. In addition, the classical era music differed from the Baroque style music owing to its emphasis on instrumental groups other than the string instruments. Participants of the classical era simplified the texture of their music in a manner that allowed listeners to be better able to tell the instrumental details apart. Tones need to be unified through certain rhythms like the minute or opening fanfares in order to get the attention of its listeners. This era also had concerto and sonata forms at a greater level with special emphasis given to their definition as well as the rules surrounding their use. Furthermore, performers did the symphony and concertos for many were eventually replaced by soloist concertos.

Exchange Relationship Essay Example for Free

Exchange Relationship Essay 1. Introduction Sociologists have long accepted that exchange relationship is a preliminary part of human interaction (Homans 1958; Emerson 1972; Blau 1986). In general, it is accepted by people that who have treated them well should be rewarded and those who have treated them unfriendly or bad should be punished (Gouldner, 1960; Perugini, Gallucci, Presaghi, Ercolani, 2003; Eisenberger, Lynch, Aselage, Rohdieck, 2004). The concept of exchange relationship is a joint activity of two or more people in which individual has something the other values. The specific task in exchange relationship is to bring benefit for people by exchanging behaviors or goods that many people cannot achieve alone (Thibaut Kelley 1959; Homans 1961; Emerson 1972). Exchange relationship originally formulated by Thibaut and Kelley (1959) and Emerson (1972). It is developed and extended by Emerson and Cook (1978) and Molm (1989). Exchange relationship between two people, who exchange resources with each other. People could be individuals or groups. Each individual resource in the exchange relationship are items in that peoples behavior that produce consequences of value for the other people (Emerson, 1972). Firstly, the valued consequences of among people may be tangible objects like money or goods, social rewards such as status or approval, or psychological states such as happiness or self-esteem. The exchange relationship provides people with opportunities to exchange resources, the relations changing in the frequency with opportunities are used after a period of time and the value and distribution of exchange. Since people provide valued benefits for one another, they are depends on each other or interdependence. Interdependence between people varies directly with the value of the benefit other people can provide, or conversely with the availability of the benefit to themselves from alternative sources (Emerson, 1972). These alternatives are other exchange relations as well, connected to each other in larger exchange networks. If exchange in one relation affects the other relation, the two relations are connected. Network connections are positive to the degree that exchange in one relation is accompanying by exchange in the other. On the other hand, negative to the degree that exchange in one relation is without accompanying by the other (Emerson, 1972). Exchange relationship had been used as a fundamental to social stability. According to the Gouldner (1960) existence of the mutual exchanges of benefits is to make the social system to be stable. Flynn and Brockner (2003) stated that both givers and receivers prefer to engage in the exchange in ways that strengthen the relationship with one another. They do not want to engage the exchange relationship in the ways that harm the particular relationship in order to make a stable social system. Exchange relationship serves as a starting mechanism to initiate the social interaction. As refer to Emerson (1972) indicated that the consequences for social relation and social structure are regularly resulting in the exchange relationship as the dependent variable. It is believe that people always form a relationship is resulting from the exchange with attention to gain a certain benefits. It also can help people to interpret, cope and adapt to the relationship formed through the exchange relationship (Larsen Buss, 2005). The exchange relationship has been at the heart of economics theory from the beginning and anthropologists such as Malinowski (1922), Mauss (1925) and Strauss (1969) focused attention on the social implications of exchange. These varied social science perspectives share the observation that exchange can be done through different forms of interaction, including negotiation, gift-giving, and even implicit understandings of direct or indirect reciprocity among individuals in networks, groups, or communities. The resulting social structures and the consequences for social relations are often taken as dependent variables in exchange relationship (Emerson, 1972) 2.0 Content 2.1 What is Ethics? The word ethics comes from the Greek â€Å"ethos† which means the customs, habits and morals of people (Trimble Dickson, 2010). Ethics is defined as a set of moral principles or values. This is the most common way of defining â€Å"ethics† as norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour (Resnik, 2011). According to Crommelin and Pline (2007) stated that ethic distinguishes between what is good and bad; determines moral duty and obligations; and establishes principles of conduct for an individual and a professional group. According to Velasquez (2001), he defined ethics as â€Å"The principle of conduct or behaviour that govern an individual or a group of people.† Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell (2010) have also defined ethics as â€Å"Inquiry into the nature and ground of morality†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In fact, ethics is deï ¬ ned as the systematic reï ¬â€šection on what is moral. Morality is the judgment of standards and conducts which an individual or group has about what is right and wrong, or good and bad (Velasquez, 2001). Essentially, ethics is the process of examining the moral standards of a person or society in which the degree of reasonableness in applying the moral standards to concrete situations is determined. In short, people need to systematically reflect on what people think is right or wrong. In regards to this, developing a body of moral standards that are reasonable for people to accept and apply to the choices people have to make in life, is the ultimate aim of ethics (Velasquez , 2001). Ethics is a requirement for human life. It is important in adaption of human behaviour (Gintis, Bowles, Boyd Fehr, 2003). Ethical behaviour versus unethical behaviour are based upon the degree to which a proposed act is perceived as right versus wrong, good versus evil, fair versus unfair (Roman, 2003). Human actions would be random and aimless if without ethics. According to Landauer and Rowlands (2001), people are able to organize their action to accomplish their most important values through a degree of rational ethical standard is taken. Humans feel honour toward ethical action and shame toward acting unethically because of human nature as moral beings. So, any flaw in ethics will reduce ability to be successful in the effort. 2.2 Exchange Relationships Exchange relationships refer to the dyadic interaction in which the giving and receiving resources is predicted on the expectation of equitable resources being provided directly in return (Homans, 1958; Blau, 1964). Thus, Blau (1964) defined exchange as unilateral acts of giving that either reciprocate previously rendered favors or are given with expectations of reciprocation. As Gouldner (1960) has pointed out that the need to exchange for the benefits received serves as a starting mechanism of social interaction. When people are thrown together, and before common norms or goals or role expectations have crystallized among them, the advantages to be gained from entering into exchange relations furnish incentives for social interaction, and the exchange processes serve as mechanisms for regulating social interaction, thus fostering the development of a network of social relations and a rudimentary group structure. Therefore in exchange relationships, trust and commitment are the key component to constructs and promote a long-term relationship (Gouldner, 1960; Ganesan, 1994; Sanzo, Santos, Vazquez, Alvarez, 2003). It is well accepted that the trust and commitment are desired dominant sentiments in any exchange relationship. According to the Sanzo, Santos, Vazquez, Alvarez (2003) found that the trust and commitment have a great influence in the exchange relationship directly. These two components serve as a variable to moderate in the exchange relationship. In other words, in order to build an exchange relationship, trust and commitment is the component must take into consideration. 2.2.1 Components in Exchange Relationship a) Trust Most of the researches consider trust as an antecedent of successful exchange relationship (Stanko, 2007; Cater Zabkar, 2008). Trust has long been considered fundamental to exchange relationships (Deutsch, 1962; Blau, 1964). It is one of the most important elements in exchange relationship (Gundlach, Gregory, Achrol, John, Ravi Mentzer, 1995; Geyskens, Inge, Steenkamp, Nirmalya, Jan-Benedict, Kumar, 1999). It is defined as the willingness to rely on an exchange partner with whom one has confidence (Moorman, Christine, Deshpande, Rohit, Gerald Zaltman, 1993; Morgan Hunt, 1994). The existence of trust is a central component in exchange relationship when one party has confidence in an exchange partner’s reliability and integrity (Morgan Hunt, 1994). Hon and Grunig (1999) define trust as one party’s level of confidence in and willingness to open oneself to the other party. An exchange relationship evolves in a slow process, starting with minor transactions in which little trust is required because little risk is involved (Blau, 1964). For instance, Hansen and Riggle (2009) had indicated that the relationship between ethical sales behavior and buyer commitment to the salesperson is completely mediated by buyer trust in the salesperson. Partnering relationships with other individual depend on exchange processes that are characterized by high levels of trust between the parties involved in an exchange (Morgan Hunt, 1994). An exchange relationship requires trusting others to discharge their obligations. If partners in exchange relationship trust each other more, they are more emotionally involved and less consciously weighing the benefits against the costs of that relationship (Wetzls, 1998). In other words, the receiver in an exchange relationship will tend to neglect their obligation to make a reciprocate toward the giver because of the trust build in the exchange relationship make the both partners less concern about the benefits gain compare to the cost invest in the relationship. b) Commitment Commitment in exchange is defined as the belief of an exchange partner that an ongoing relationship with each other is important to warrant maximum efforts aimed at maintaining it, including short-term sacrifices (Kumar, Nirmalya, Scheer, Lisa, Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict, 1994; Morgan Hunt, 1994; Geyskens, Inge, Steenkamp, Nirmalya, Jan-Benedict, Kumar, 1999). Research suggests that commitment is at the core of all exchange relationships and it is an essential ingredient in successful long-term exchange relationships (Anderson Narus, 1998). This means that commitment is a good indicator of long-term exchange relationship. This is because commitment includes an attitudinal component signifying an enduring intention by the parties to develop and maintain a stable long-term relationship (Anderson, Barton, Erin Weitz, 1992). Hon and Grunig (1999) reflect commitment as the extent to which the exchange parties feels that the relationship is worth spending time and energy to maintain. As indicated by Moorman, Zaltman, and Deshpande (1993), commitment defined as an enduring desire to maintain a valued relationship. 2.2.2 Interdependence in Exchange Relationship Interdependence plays pivotal roles in the exchange relationship. A shared concept among all exchange relationship derived by researcher is interdependence between people (Thibaut Kelly 1959; Homan, 1961; Blau, 1998). An individual’s behavior in exchange relationship is dependent on the other’s behavior in order to drive the interaction. According to the Blau (1998) states that interdependence is not in itself sufficient enough for exchange relationship to exist between two people. Blau (1998) suggests that there is another criterion to meet the existence of exchange relationship which is interaction with another specific individual which whom one is interdependent. Interdependences occur when someone has performed a favor to an individual is required to reciprocate that favor by that particular individual. If that person fails to reciprocate then they are seen as ungrateful and interdependence is not obtained. However, if the favor is reciprocated then it induces the other to reciprocate in kind and encourages both parties to continue such exchange. Each individual’s behavior in this exchange is dependent on the other’s behavior in order to drive the interaction. If one was to fail to reciprocate, the exchange would then halt and interdependence would no longer exist. 2.3 Importance of Exchange Relationship in Individual Behaviors Exchange relationship is an important and normal phenomenon that happening everywhere and everyday in human life. Most of the studies have examined that either how givers respond to favor they have performed (Cialdini, 1993; Latane Darley, 1970) and how a receivers respond to that favors have been done for them (Gergen, Ellsworth, Maslach Seipel, 1975; Nadler, 1991). The exchange relationship is purportedly maintained by invoking the norm of reciprocity which is stipulates that people should help those who have helped them (Gouldner, 1960). The norm of reciprocity act as a social rule that maintains, among other thing, that people should return favors and other acts of kindness (Gouldner, 1960). Blau (1964) establish the notion that individuals prefer to maintain balance in their exchanges. For individuals to enter into mutually beneficial exchange relationships, they have able to commit to fulfill their contractual obligations. A lender will not lend without being assured that the borrower will not invest the money in a hopeless venture or take the money and run. Particularly, neither givers nor receivers prefer to engage in favors exchange in ways that strengthen their relationship with one another (Flynn Brockner, 2003). This means that they will do not want to engage in favor exchange in ways that harm their relationship. A proper structure of our relationships in a manner will enables us to benefit from exchange. For instance, an individual would enter into exchange relationship unless assured that the exchange can indeed make him better off and that the other party would act in manner that will make him better off. 2.4 Exchange Relationship in Organization The relationship between employees and their organizations has often been described as an exchange relationship (Mowday, Porter, Steers, 1982; Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison Sowa, 1986; Rousseau, 1989). Member of organizations often request favors to perform tasks or obtain resources they might not be able to perform or obtain alone (Blau, 1964). Exchange relationship between the leaders and subordinates develop from the interactions between these parties and motivated by the mutual benefits derived from the exchange (Blau, 1964; Brown Trevino, 2006). An effective exchanges relationship must be created between the parties in order to increase their dependence upon each other for long term survival. Leader and subordinates have closer relationships, the latter will tend to receive better performance evaluations and more promotion opportunities. In addition, mutual trust, respect and care are more likely to happen between subordinates and their employers (Graen, Novak, Sommerka mp, 1982). In return, the subordinates will show more loyalty and respect toward their leader. Organizational commitments have emphasized the importance of employee perceptions of the exchange relationship with the organization. Many scholar like Major, Kozlomski, Chao and Gardner (1995) and Lee (2001) indicate that the high quality of the leader-member exchange relationship such as employees empowerment, attracting reward and compensation is positively correlated with the organizational commitment and negatively correlated with turnover. This is because they tend to be satisfied with the organization. A large number of studies have shown that employees who feel that they have been empowered are likely to remain more committed to their organizations (Allen Meyer, 1990; Liden, Wayne Sparrowe, 2000). Empowered employees will consider themselves more capable of influencing their work and organization in a more meaningful way and more willing to stay in the organization. This is where the exchange relationship exists when a employees had empowered by their managers will willing to remain and work for the organization as a return. There are two important frameworks for exchange relationship in organization which are psychological contracts and perceived organizational support. Psychological contract is means that an individual’s belief regarding the terms and conditions of an exchange relationship with another party in organization (Rousseau, 1989). Perceived organizational support captures an individual’s perception concerning the degree to which an organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being (Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison Sowa, 1986). These two frameworks are similar in that they are both grounded in exchange relationship as the explanatory mechanism for their consequences on employees’ attitude and behavior. The psychological contract and perceived organizational support are also both positioned as key means by which an employee globally evaluates the employment relationship with the organization. Perceived organizational support is one-sided in that it focuses on the employer’s side of the exchange as perceived by employees. Psychological contract includes an employee and employer perspective which is the contingent relationship between an employee’s perception of the reciprocal obligation between that individual and the employer (Jacqueline, Shapiro Conway, 2005). 2.5 Relationship Between Exchange Relationship And Ethics Exchange relationship and ethics are two concepts that correlated. These two concepts are explained in theory which is able to enhance the understanding of the concept. Exchange relationship is a dyadic interaction between two parties by giving and receiving resources while ethics are the basic concepts of human conduct. An ethical action can build a long-term exchange relationship. According to Hansen (2011) says that someone who had perceived as an ethical people will more likely to gain a trust from others and develop an exchange relationship easily with them. As mentioned above, trust is one of the elements in building an exchange relationship. In other words, behave ethically can gain trust easily from others party. Exchange relationship can be developed through the trust between two parties (Brower, Schoorman Tan, 2000). Besides that, commitment tends to be higher between the parties who involved in exchange relationship due to ethical behavior. This is because they perceived ethical behavior can make them constantly engage in particular relationship. By referring to Gouldner (1960) norm of reciprocity which act as a social rule that maintains, among other things, that people should return favors and other acts in kindness. This means that peoples should treat others as how they want to be treated. If an individual act ethically will tend to influence people around them to act ethically. This is a learning process take place where people learn to behave ethically during interaction in exchange relationship. Therefore, people will learn to behave ethically to affect others to act ethically so that they can be gain the ethical treatment from the others as well. According to the Brown and Trevino (2006), ethical individuals are a role model for the others to follow because they tend to seek to do the right thing and conduct their personal lives in an ethical manner. For instance, an ethical leaders in organization are in the habit of seeking out â€Å"what is right† (Brown Trevino, 2006). This means that they are tend to make a fair and balanced decision from a means rather than just an ends perspective (Brown Trevino, 2006). Most studies consider how the managers’ ethical attitudes and behaviors influence those of their direct subordinates and how the subordinate respond toward it (Porter, Allen Angle, 1983; Ginzel, Kramer Sutton, 1993; Pfeffer, 1997). Leaders who are perceived as ethical will positively influence employee work behavior (Mayer, Kuenzi, Greenbaum, Bardes, Salvador, 2009). In other words, a manager who acts ethically can make a great influence toward employee’s behavior in exchange relationship. By referring to the relational leadership theory (Brower, Schoorman Tan, 2000) stated that an ethical leader are likely to develop the exchange relationships between the leader and subordinate because ethical leaders exemplify the essential of trustworthiness in the eyes of their subordinate. In an organization, the subordinates who perceive their leader to be an ethical people will be more likely to perceive this leader as a trustworthy leader and intend to continue in the exchange relationship development process with that leader (Hansen, 2011). In other words, an ethical leader who are honest, seek to do the right thing and holding high moral standards will lead their subordinate to perceive them as a trustworthy leader. This perception of trustworthiness on the ethical leader will act as a catalyst to the development of the exchange relationship between the leader and subordinate (Brower, Schoorman Tan, 2000). Exchange relationships between ethical leaders and their subordinates develop from interactions between these parties and are motivated by the mutual benefits derived from the exchanges (Blau, 1964; Brown Trevino, 2006). Ethical leaders are more likely to develop a strong exchange relationship with their subordinate because they are trusted by their subordinates. Scholars have been suggested that exchange relationships are related to discussions of ethical leadership (Brown, Trevino Harrison, 2005; Brown Trevino, 2006). Exchange relationships require a significant amount of trust the part of exchanging parties. In other words, keeping the definition of ethical leadership in mind that characterizes ethical leaders as being ‘trusted’ by their subordinates, it is quite likely that a subordinate who perceives his or her leader to be an ethical leader will also perceive this leader to be trustworthy. 3.0 Conclusion Exchange relationship is important in human interaction. Exchange relationship is a dyadic interaction between the individual in order to gain something from other and reciprocate something as return. Norm of reciprocity serves as a guideline for individual to deal in the exchange relationship. In exchange relationship, Batson (1993) claims that an individual assume that benefits are given with the expectation of receiving a benefit in return while the receipt of benefits incur in a debt or obligation to return a comparable benefits. The benefits that issue must be intentionally given and may include anything of use or value, tangible or intangible; they need not involve money or things for which monetary value can be calculated (Clark Mills, 1979). Ethic is study of moral principle while it helps in govern our decision making and moral choices (Ianinska Zamor, 2006). Human actions always judge by others in term of ethical or unethical. Without ethic act as guide for human, human a ction will tend to be aimless. From the study, exchange relationship is required the involvement of trust and commitment elements. These two elements is important in generate a successful exchange relationship. Trust and commitment is the key component in promoting a long-term exchange relationship (Gouldner, 1960; Sanzo, Santos, Vazquez, Alvarez, 2003). These two elements serve as a starting point for an exchange relationship to be generated. Before an exchange relationship build, the two party must have a certain degree level of trust between them. Without a minimum level of trust, it is hard to deal in exchange relationship. This is because exchange involves a certain level of risk need to be taken (Blau, 1964). Besides that, interdependent is also play an important role in exchange relationship. Interdependent will occur when each of the party who delivered some favors to another party is required a return for that favour from the recipient. Therefore, the exchange relationship only can be exits through interd ependent individuals. For the individual behaviour, exchange relationship will not run away from their interaction. It is focus on how the parties perform and respond to the favour in exchange relationship (Cialdini, 1993; Latane Darley, 1970; Gergen, Ellsworth, Maslach, Seipel, 1975; Nadler, 1991). A mutually benefits is expected by both of the party in exchange relationship. Therefore, individual will expect toward the benefits to be gained when making an exchange with particular individual. Exchange relationship is vital for organization as well. As the most scholar had study the exchange relationship between the employees and organization widely (Mowday, Porter, Steers, 1982; Rousseau, 1989; Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison Sowa, 1986). In deep, the leader and employees move in a same direction because of willingness to exchange their value each others. For instance, the manager empowered their employee and the employees feel satisfy then they tend to perform well and commit in their duty as well as the organization (Allen Meyer, 1990; Liden, Wayne, Sparrowe, 2000). At the end, the organization is the greater beneficial receiver. Next, study on relationship between exchange relationship and ethics is the main discussion part. The researches have widely examine this topic by reflect it in the organization (Brown Trevino, 2006; Porter, Allen Angle, 1983; Ginzel, Kramer Sutton, 1993; Pfeffer, 1997). It is explain that how a person to behave ethically in exchange relationship. Normally, a person will get influence by the ethical individual in exchange relationship. For instance, Mayer, Kuenzi, Greenbaum, Bardes and Salvador (2009) claim that the ethical leader can influence their subordinate behavior in the organization. Employees will perceive the ethical leader as their role model. These means that employees will tend to be trust on their leader due to the moral principle hold by their leader. In other words, leader established a positive behaviour toward their subordinate, the subordinate will tend to act the same way in manner. In exchange, employees to be more commitment toward their leader as well as org anization due to the ethical leader had gain a trust from their employees. Last but not least, two relevant theories had been established to explain the concept of exchange relationship and ethics. Social exchange theory and leader member exchange theory had been used to provide a clear understand of the topic. Social exchange theory is the human fundamental activity aid to clarify about social behaviour through the exchange relationship. This theory explain that in exchange relationship, an individual should reciprocate on the favour that given by the giver on a pro quo basis (Brown Mitchell, 2010; Blau, 1964). In general, social exchange theory had involved three main types of exchange which are negotiated exchange, reciprocal exchange, and generalized exchange. Each of the type served in different situation in term of risk involvement. Another theory that been used is leader member theory. This theory helps in explain how the exchange relationships occur among the employer and employees. From this theory, the exchange relationship among the leader and employee is related to the quality of the relationship. Throughout this relationship, leader and subordinate will generate a trust among them to establish the exchange relationship. A high quality of relationship involves showing mutual respect, concern and sharing of decision control (Dienesch Liden, 1986; Liden Maslyn, 1993). Therefore, exchange for benefits can be developed easily between the leader and subordinate.

The Role of Witches in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Papers M

The Role of Witches in William Shakespeare's Macbeth In Macbeth the witches make a huge contribution to the play and the way it comes across to an audience. The witches portray many themes in Macbeth, such as the theme of fate, and the way that they are supposed to have the power of changing someone's fate, and the way they can control people using their power. The witches also depict a theme of pure evil, and the way they treat others in the play shows this. Religion also is a big theme in Macbeth, references to the trinity, whether it is the unholy, or the holy trinity. Also blasphemous and sacrilegious beliefs appear often throughout the play. As well as these themes, one of the biggest is the theme of motherhood, and particular the distortion of motherhood. References to babies being killed appear which only hints at the evil that the witches bring to the play. The witches often speak about being able to change someone's fate, and in the time which Shakespeare wrote Macbeth people had strong beliefs about this as does Macbeth who speaks about fate often. This also hints at the connections between the witches and Macbeth. "Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel" =============================================== Here the captain is talking about Macbeth's victory over the Norwegians. He uses the very significant phrase 'Disdaining Fortune' This relates to Macbeth being able to defeat his fate, which is very important because the witches are said to be able to change about witches and the powers they were supposed to possess. James I, the king in Shakespeare's time had a strong belief in witches and devoted a lot o... ...usly a dangerous thing to do, because if he treats them like friends it means he trusts them. The fact that Macbeth trusts the witches' shows that his ambition and power hungry nature have taken over the way he thinks, and it has taken away the little caution he had in the first place. The witches appear to be taking advantage of Macbeth's ambitious nature and they are using it against him, to get him to trust them more and more. Even thought they never lie to Macbeth they only ever tell him half-truths, which ends up misleading him as he does not think to work out what the witches are telling him. Also Macbeth, because he becomes completely absorbed by his new found power he becomes very cocky, and decides to ignore the fact that there maybe a threat to his life because he doesn't think about what could happen to him.

Titus Salt and Saltaire

Titus Salt was born on the 20th September 1803 in the Morely area of Leeds. He came from quite a wealthy background and he had a very reasonable education. When he and his parents moved to Bradford, Titus' life in the textile trade prospered. Salts father was once a white cloth merchandise, so this helped greatly in the set-up of ‘Daniel Salt and Son' wool buyers, based in Bradford. As Titus was the eldest of Daniel Salts seven children he was expected to inherit and run the family business. Titus was a Sunday worker at the local church, and it was here that he met and fell in love with his wife Caroline Whitlam of Grimsby. There is a street in Saltaire that is named after his wife, showing true love and compassion for both his wife and Saltaire. Titus built Saltaire because he wanted a model village- at the time Leeds and the Bradford area were very polluted and dirty places to live in. At Titus' time Bradford was known as the ‘City of the Industrial Revolution.' It was acknowledged as the worsted capital of the world. Bradford was becoming a very wealthy city indeed. However behind the good reputation it boasted, the life was the worst they had had for years. Manual labourers became very poor as they were not needed anymore- machines were taking over. They were, in fact, poorer than ever. Bradford was a dirty city, sanitation was bad. People caught diseases more easily, making workers in factories die in their dozens. For example if one person in a factory caught cholera or the consumption, by the next week most of the other workers would have it. This meant that the production of work was not as good as it should be. The factories were grossly overcrowded; this was so that there were more product made. But this also had major disadvantages, such as contagious infections or accidents that happened in the workplace. Homes were also overcrowded. This was so that Landlords could get more rent. But, again, contagious infections were spread more easily and life, in general, was made more difficult and cramped. Ironically, it was Sir Titus himself who owned five of the major factories in Bradford. Some of the factories that he owned at the time had the worst working conditions around. So why did he want to build Saltaire? Some could argue that it was purely for the money. He may have built it because of his theory: ‘Healthy workers mean that less people are sick, more people come to work, more money is made, and so Titus will make more and more money.' So if everybody had a decent place to live, with a decent wage, then surely this will make their life easier and less complicated. People will want to live there and will enjoy working in the factory. This is because it is clean and healthy. This would mean that Titus makes more money and that he can expand his business further. Titus may have been Paternalistic, which means to exercise authority in a way that limits ones individual responsibility. Titus was appalled at the living conditions of the people of Bradford, he thought that his theory was very true. If Titus was already a very well off gentle man then why would he need to make even more money? Some would argue that he didn't do it purely for money but for care and compassion to those who were worse-off than he was. He may have really wanted people to have a good and healthy lifestyle. He may have really cared for the community, and observed the poor conditions that were such in factories all over Bradford and Leeds. Titus may wanted to give the next generation a life to look forward to and make sure that children got the education and homes that they deserved. Titus quotes: â€Å"†¦ I also hope to do good to my fellow men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The site that he chose was that in Shipley, which was near the River Aire, hence the name Saltaire. It was also near a railway, canal and roads. This was the ideal sit for Titus to build on. Trading would be very easy, but that not near the dirty cities of Leeds and Bradford. Obviously, it needed to be relatively near so that trading could commence but far away enough so that his workers wouldn't have to put up with the pollution problems that they had to face in the city. Titus may have been a believer of ‘Megalomania' which means having mental delusions of power over something, he may have loved himself and his family so much that he would name a village after himself. If he owned a village with over 800 cottages with people living in them, that would surely mean that he had ultimate power over them. For example, he could sack a worker simply because he could. Titus had enough money already, even if he didn't make a model village. He didn't need it; maybe he thought that this village would be something to remember him by when he dies. If he was just another factory owner in Bradford, not a lot of people would have been sorry that he died, but if he built a perfect village for people to live happy care-free lives then that would be a very great achievement. People will love him for it, and give him respect. They would remember him and he may go down in history. I think that Titus built Saltaire because he genuinely cared about the people's health. Titus already had enough money to set him and his family up for life but he still carried on doing what he believed in- helping others who were worse off than himself. Q2) What do the streets and buildings in Saltaire suggest about Salts values and beliefs? To value means something that you regard as important, you think it improves things and you want others to have it. To have a belief in something it means that it is the central core, the platform underlining your existence. Beliefs relate to key things in your life, eg, Religion, Society, and Country. In Saltaire virtually all of the streets are named after either Royalty or his family. This shows what his values are. For example he has named a street after his wife, Caroline Street. This shows that he must have really cared about his wife, to name a street after her. This also shows that she must have had great faith in him, to have stayed with him for so long. He has also named streets after his wife's family, showing that he has thought greatly about his family during the building of the village. This suggests that he was maybe building the model village as something to pass on to his family when he dies as it really shows that they mean that much to him. There are streets named after Royalty, such as Albert Road and Victoria Road. This emphasises his beliefs and values in the Royal Family. He valued their strong and powerful beliefs in both religion and society. He wanted everyone to know that he was proud of both his family and the Royals. From going round Saltaire I noticed that the Mill was the heart of Saltaire. It was very large and looked very well patented from the outside. You could clearly see from the stern structure that Salt wanted it to be the main focal point of the village. When I looked around inside I saw that it was very tall and airy. This was probably so that the workers would have more space to work in. I noticed that the beams that are usually present on the inside of old buildings weren't there, which made it look even more spacious. The outside had a very nice looking pattern and this made it look pretty and most unlike the ugly factories that you got in Bradford. The hospital is quite a large building on one of the main roads of the town suggesting the importance of it to the townspeople, and indeed Titus himself. The building of this hospital suggests Titus' beliefs were kind hearted. He had a hospital built especially for the convenience to the workers. He believed a healthy workforce was a happy workforce, thus Titus would make more money. The United Reformed Church suggests a great deal to us about Titus' beliefs. It is situated nearly in the centre of the town, and is facing the most important building in the village- the Mill. The interior is decorated tastefully, with lots of patterns and dear looking artefacts. This is where Titus' family was laid to rest. This suggests that Titus had a great love towards the church and the beliefs behind it. The actual name of Saltaire suggests that Titus really did believe in himself. And also that he was quite bigheaded. Usually people only get named after things when they are dead but Titus was still alive when he gave the village that name. The ending ‘Aire' is after the River Aire, which was the main trading route from the village, this suggest how important is was to Titus and the rest of the villagers. Q3) Do you think Saltaire was a substantial achievement? At the time Saltaire was a breath of fresh air for workers. This meant clean air, a proper place to live, and a wage guaranteed every week. The new workers could hardly complain. In Bradford, living and working conditions were very poor. Life for them was harder than ever. Salt saw how poor they were and he decided to do something about it. Build a model village. He thought that if workers had better conditions in which to live and work then they would produce better work standards. It took just over twenty years to complete fully. But as the mill was finished in 1853, his fiftieth birthday, people started to move to Bradford. To say that he built a model village from scratch says a lot about what sort of man he really was- hardworking. At the time people thought Saltaire was a good idea, and with Salt in parliament, being a successful businessman, and a magistrate, he was the ideal man to do the job. People saw Titus as kind and considerate with a great public spirit, who else could fit the job description? Over they years Saltaire has changed a great deal. It has moved on with the rest of the world. Although it is still a relatively quiet little village. There are now pubs and other shops that weren't allowed back then, but since Titus' death in December 1876, things have changed, and different people took over the running of the village. Church going is optional and just about anyone can live and work in Saltaire. Nobody actually owns the village, and the mills have ceased trading. The cotton traders of the north no longer trade, making Saltaire just another normal village. I think that Titus Salt would not have liked the Saltaire that has become now. The Mills seemed like his livelihood, he was proud of them. There is also no particular order- anyone can live where they want and work where they like. He also hated pubs and other places where you could go to waste your money. Although Saltaire has grown and is an attraction, I don't think he would have liked what it has become. I do think Saltaire was a substantial achievement at the time because he managed to build a model village and create a model life. He had complete control over everything that went on in the village. It was kept clean and tidy, and he also made a lot of money in doing so. Titus has made this village a tourist attraction, because he designed it from scratch- and he made a model village. Everyone wanted to be there, and people gave him respect for his great achievement.

Internet Number Resources

a) ARIN –Provides services related to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources. Supports the operation of the internet through the management of internet number resources and coordinates the development of policies for the management of IP number resources. They provide services for technical coordination and management of internet number resources in its respective service region. This includes IP address space allocation & ASN allocation, transfer and record maintenance.b) IANA – They are responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols that are published as rfc documents and for coordinating some of the key elements that keep the internet running smoothly. Allocates and maintains unique codes and numbering systems that are used in the technical standards/protocols that drive the internet. This includes Domain names, number resources and Protocol assignments.c) APNIC – An organ ization that manages the assignment of internet number resources within the Asian continent. Provides number resource allocation and registration services that support the global operation of the Internet. 2. Approximately how many Ipv4 addresses are possible? An IPv4 uses 32 bit IP address and with 32 bits the maximum number of IP addresses is approximately four billion IPv4 addresses 3. Approximately how many IPV6 addresses are possible?An IPv6 uses 128 bit IP address and with 128 bits the maximum number of IP addresses is approximately 48 billion 4. Why do you think the world is running out of Ipv4 addresses? The central pool of IPv4 addresses officially ran dry on Tuesday, February 1, 2011. From now on, all new networks and services in the region must implement IPv6. 5. How long do you think it will take before the Ipv4 addresses are completely exhausted Ipv4 addresses are Exhausted 6.Since Ipv6 is the long-term solution for this issue, why do you think we are still using and as signing IPv4 addresses on the internet? The address pool supports the continual demands and extends its usefulness. Another reason is that IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible and as a result it will take a huge financial toll in the transition which is considered an impediment. 7. Do you think the possibility exists for some companies to hoard IP addresses and not release them back to ARIN to turn a profit? No because you can’t sell them Internet Number Resources a) ARIN –Provides services related to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources. Supports the operation of the internet through the management of internet number resources and coordinates the development of policies for the management of IP number resources. They provide services for technical coordination and management of internet number resources in its respective service region. This includes IP address space allocation & ASN allocation, transfer and record maintenance.b) IANA – They are responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols that are published as rfc documents and for coordinating some of the key elements that keep the internet running smoothly. Allocates and maintains unique codes and numbering systems that are used in the technical standards/protocols that drive the internet. This includes Domain names, number resources and Protocol assignments.c) APNIC – An organ ization that manages the assignment of internet number resources within the Asian continent. Provides number resource allocation and registration services that support the global operation of the Internet. 2. Approximately how many Ipv4 addresses are possible? An IPv4 uses 32 bit IP address and with 32 bits the maximum number of IP addresses is approximately four billion IPv4 addresses 3. Approximately how many IPV6 addresses are possible?An IPv6 uses 128 bit IP address and with 128 bits the maximum number of IP addresses is approximately 48 billion 4. Why do you think the world is running out of Ipv4 addresses? The central pool of IPv4 addresses officially ran dry on Tuesday, February 1, 2011. From now on, all new networks and services in the region must implement IPv6. 5. How long do you think it will take before the Ipv4 addresses are completely exhausted Ipv4 addresses are Exhausted 6.Since Ipv6 is the long-term solution for this issue, why do you think we are still using and as signing IPv4 addresses on the internet? The address pool supports the continual demands and extends its usefulness. Another reason is that IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible and as a result it will take a huge financial toll in the transition which is considered an impediment. 7. Do you think the possibility exists for some companies to hoard IP addresses and not release them back to ARIN to turn a profit? No because you can’t sell them

Eulogy for Beowulf Essays

Eulogy for Beowulf Essays Eulogy for Beowulf Essay Eulogy for Beowulf Essay A glorious man has died, a very close friend of mine. His name is Beowulf, our King and mighty protector of men. He was a brave man, the bravest I knew, his steel skull never gave up on him and until the very last moment he wore that ancient battle gear through his final war for life. Our great Beowulf once said, Grendel is no braver, no stronger than I am, (677-678). He defeated Abels descendent with nothing more than his very own skeleton suit. No man ever had the courage to battle with the evil Grendel who tortured the Danes. Ha! Our beloved warrior isnt Just a man; he must have been a descendent from some God! Only Beowulf had the strength and will to force Grendel to his death. He ended the suffering, the grief and the sorrow of the Danes great protector and his people. Not only did he end the Danes misery but he graciously accepted Hrothgars friendship, mead and rings of gold. Generously shared his fortunes with his fellow Geats and privileged them all with his presence. However that was not the end for Beowulf, for the vicious Grendel ust have descended from something if not only evil. Beowulf took on the mother of Grendel, even more fearsome than her offspring, alone. Him and his men could have easily denied the battle and let the mother of evil lash out on the people who feared her, but of course not. The almighty warrior knew he had the power to stop her; he would never leave innocent people to suffer her treachery. Defeating her was Just a mere wrestling match for the marble Beowulf. Telling his story reminds me ofa young Beowulf I once knew. We would follow his father around and be guided by the best of warriors. His father had carved special wooden swords for both of us to defend our families with. One day Beowulf and I lost ourselves in a tree-maze, we could not find our way home for days, and in those three moons we came across a slithering foe with nothing more to his name than a few twigs and a dead mouse. Seeing this Beowulf had stripped down, crouched to his level and as vulnerable as he was he managed to capture the serpent for us both to enjoy. When we arrived home arrying the beasts mask we were praised for our bravery and skills. From then on Beowulf was known for his courage and bravery, and most importantly his loyalty to comrades. Not once did he even think about leaving my beaten young self behind, Beowulf, the magnificent friend that he was, stayed by my side and helped me survive those long nights as children. Be it luck, skill, or the guiding hand of God. Beowulf so strongly believed in the will of God, and after his battle with Grendels mother he proclaimed to Hrothgar, Id have been dead at once, and the fght inished, the she-devil victorious, if our Father in heaven had not helped me, (1656-1558). His strong faith in our sun bearer made him seem like a super human , as if knowing what God had wished to happen, helping him win his battles. If Beowulf were here in the flesh he would not want us all to mourn, but to rejoice and celebrate his return to our Father. For he died to protect his nation and his name, he passed surrounded by precious Jewels and silvers. His going was easy, knowing his fate was written and going according to plan. After his final words were said Wiglaf goes to the other Geats and tells them, with Gods good grace he, (Beowulf), helped himself, swung his sword alone and won his own revenge. I went to after his last sip of life Beowulfs strength and fame live on. His fortune will be buried and go with him into eternal rest. His name will live on forever, and while he sits up there with our Lord, I know he is watching over his kingdom. As well as all of us who love and worship him as our eternal protector. May us all carry on and forever remember Beowulf.

The eNotes Blog 3 Places to Find the Help You Need on eNotes,Free

3 Places to Find the Help You Need on ,Free Its almost time to head back to class. Are you ready? Make sure youre set for school with help from ! In this post, were covering the 3 best areas of   to find the help you need with your upcoming classes. Even better: most of the help you find on is completely  free to access. Check out our refresher course below and be prepared for Fall! Dont have an account yet? Sign up here today to create your free account and start searching for expert answers. 1. Annotated eTexts Did you know that hosts over 900 texts online in our eTexts section? From poems to plays, short stories to biographies, weve got hundreds of works that teachers commonly select for assigned reading and which you can read on your computer or mobile device  for free. You dont even have to buy your next assigned novel if you dont want to! Whats better than an entire library at your fingertips for no cost at all? An entire library of  annotated  eTexts. Over the past year, educators have been working hard to provide you with expert annotations on some of the most challenging works of Literature. From Dickens to Shakespeare and everything in between, theyve written comments on important words and passages to help you better understand what youre reading. To read these annotations, hover your cursor over any highlighted words found in any Annotated eText. A comment will pop up explaining the significance of those highlighted words. Annotations could cover glossary definitions, analysis or background informationjust one way that helps you to study smarter. 2. Homework Help Homework Help is the busiest section of , putting students in touch with real teachers and expert assistance. You probably already know that you can ask a question here, but did you know that has more than 250,000 answered questions to search through? Your answer could already be ready and waiting to be discovered. Just type your keywords into the search bar on the Homework Help homepage  here  to find what youre looking for. Looking for questions and answers on one specific work? Thats easy too. Just go to the study guide page for the work, for instance  To Kill a Mockingbird  here, click on More in the top row of links, then select Homework Help. This will take you to a page that displays only the questions and answers for that book. Homework Help isnt just about asking questions, its about finding them too. And searches are always free! Find the answers youre looking for  here. 3. Study Guides Stumped by a difficult book? Do you have the answers you need, but not enough scholarly resources?   study guides  are here to help your every need. Our guides explain in easy to understand terms the characters, themes and plots of thousands of literary works. On top of that, theyre also crammed full of scholarly sourcesarticles you can actually cite in your essays. Other online guides would never be acceptable on a works cited page. But at , we connect you with critical essays from published literary critics  and  show you how to turn those ideas into A-grade papers with advice on suggested essay topics. Everything you need to ace your English class is right  here. study guides are open to subscribers only, but membership costs as little as $4 per month, with special deals on offer all the time. Head to our subscriptions page  here  for more info and to sign up for one month, one quarter, or a full year of expert help and great grades, with a 100% satisfaction guarantee. With , heading back to school is a breeze. Let us help you study smarter and get the grades you deserve this Fall by using our eTexts, Homework Help, and study guides.

Quotes to Turn to When Youve Been Hurt

Quotes to Turn to When Youve Been Hurt There is an old saying that goes, It is easier to hurt than to heal. Inflicting pain on others to get revenge when youve been hurt might initially seem fulfilling, but it only ends up stoking a bigger fire in your heart. Confrontation is almost never a solution in the long run. Get some insight from these quotes about being hurt. Famous Quotes Albert CamusTo live is to hurt others, and through others, to hurt oneself. Cruel earth! How can we manage not to touch anything? To find what ultimate exile? Robert FulghumPlay fair. Dont hit people. Say youre sorry when you hurt somebody. B. Graham DienertMany people pray as if God were a big aspirin pill; they come only when they hurt. Lillian SmithThe human heart dares not stay away too long from that which hurt it most. There is a return journey to anguish that few of us are released from making. Joanne Kathleen RowlingPoverty is a lot like childbirth you know it is going to hurt before it happens, but youll never know how much until you experience it. Will RogersA remark generally hurts in proportion to its truth. Muhammad AliLife is a gamble. You can get hurt, but people die in plane crashes, lose their arms and legs in car accidents; people die every day. Same with fighters: some die, some get hurt, some go on. You just dont let yourself believe it will happen to you. Carl SandburgAnger is the most impotent of passions. It effects nothing it goes about and hurts the one who is possessed by it more than the one against whom it is directed. Chuck PalahniukThat old saying, how you always hurt the one you love, well, it works both ways. Diego RiveraIf I ever loved a woman, the more I loved her, the more I wanted to hurt her. Frida was only the most obvious victim of this disgusting trait. Penelope SweetDepression is nourished by a lifetime of ungrieved and unforgiven hurts. Jessamyn WestIve done more harm by the falseness of trying to please than by the honesty of trying to hurt. George Bernard ShawCruelty would be delicious if one could only find some sort of cruelty that didnt really hurt. Erma BombeckThere is a thin line that separates laughter and pain, comedy and tragedy, humor and hurt. Mark TwainIt takes your enemy and your friend, working together to hurt you to the heart; the one to slander you and the other to get the news to you. Alexis CarrelEveryone makes a greater effort to hurt other people than to help himself. Indian ProverbGreat anger is more destructive than the sword. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowA word that has been said may be unsaid it is but air. But when a deed is done, it cannot be undone, nor can our thoughts reach out to all the mischiefs that may follow. Ecclesiasticus 28:16 (Apocrypha)Many have fallen by the edge of the sword, but not so many as have fallen by the tongue. Chinese ProverbTwo barrels of tears will not heal a bruise.

Syntesis of (1R,2S)-1-(m-Bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1,2-butanediol Assignment

Syntesis of (1R,2S)-1-(m-Bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1,2-butanediol - Assignment Example Any project that involves synthesis of organic compounds requires a thorough knowledge of synthetic methods available, the reaction mechanisms, the possible commercial starting materials, tools for analyzing the product such as IR, UV, NMR and MS and means of isolation. Bromination of benzene is an electrophilic substitution reaction, which takes place in the presence of aluminium chloride. The reaction mechanism of this electrophilic substitution reaction is a two-step process. Step 1 is a Lewis-base-Lewis acid reaction between bromine ion and benzene. Step 2 involves the loss of a proton to regenerate the benzene ring. The bromobenzene formed in the first stage then reacts with 3-methyl-2-butenal to form 1-(m-Bromophenyl)-3-methyl-2-butenal. Hydration of 1-(m-Bromophenyl)-3-methyl-2-butenal using water in presence the of dilute sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and heat gives an anti-Markovnikov’s product (McMurry

The Effect of Using Smart Technology in the Education System in Saudi Research Paper

The Effect of Using Smart Technology in the Education System in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example The Effect of Using Smart Technology in the Education System in Saudi Arabia Education remains one of the most significant economic progress gauges in Saudi Arabia. This is apparent in the unremitting priority of the improvement and development of education. The usage of technology is fundamental to the progress and enhancement of the educational structure in Saudi Arabia. (Millson & Wilemon, 2008) Familiarizing SMART technology in the Saudi Arabian education structure is argued as being able to support teachers and learners in the process of accepting both technological modifications and new information. (Nastase, 2006). SMART technology also can improve the level of suppleness in the educational system, consequently improving the worth of education in an up-to-date Saudi Arabia. It is vital to incorporate technology efficiently and competently within the educational structure to progress the quality of student upshots. Some of the schools and Universities in Saudi Arabia that use Smart Technology are King Faisal University, King Khalid University and King Saud University. One of the key aims behind the relentless upsurge in reputation of smart classes is the point that this form of education is impeccable for all sorts of learners.The implementation of smart classes and up-to-the-minute technology simplifies the learning procedure for all students. This form of education in class encourages more communication between teacher and student with more involvement from both sides.

Business integration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business integration - Research Paper Example Additionally, they support the integration of the processes and rules that allow the web service and systems interoperability and smoothen the capability metrics that are operational to the Department of Defense Management plan. The IT and business integration main aim is providing standard framework of the end to end processes to all the necessary stakeholders that include the military department, the defense business council, the principal staff assistants, functional process owners and including non-military departments. The development of a common framework is in order to improve processes of business that are supported by IT. The other goal pertains to describing and classifying end to end business processes and investigating how they can decompose to provide support for unique operational activities. The end to end framework is used to assist in filling the gap between the enterprise solutions and the enterprise resource planning, recording the systems’ primary contributions and aiding with boosting business integration defense, business systems and business processes. The end to end framework also provides a framework that helps with updating and organizing the content in the DoD while also acting as a mechanism for evaluating the alignment of business systems for evaluation. The framework provides a methodology for management that aids the DoD to align its individual defense business systems in a strategic manner in order to correct redundancies in the system and obtain standardization in the department. Additionally, the framework is useful in simplifying business rules in the entire department and streamlining the business processes in order to meet the needs of the business and support the capabilities of the business. The military departments and the DoD agencies arrange their standard capabilities in the manner described above in accordance with the end to end capabilities of a business for the

A strategic external analysis of a company and industry dynamics Essay

A strategic external analysis of a company and industry dynamics - Essay Example In just twenty-two years since inception, the UK based Vodafone Group PLC has grown to become the world’s largest mobile communications company. It is in the high growth frontline technology industry group with global perspective. Technologies commencing with voice communications over analog networks in the early eighties to paging, fax, data, SMS and other communications over digital networks, global systems for mobile telecommunications (GSM) with national and international roaming etc. and to today’s satellite mobile phone services are all in its portfolio. With a customer base of nearly 180 millions spread across five continents and dozens of countries, Vodafone is a giant in the industry. Consistent growth in business volumes and profitability are being achieved, year after year. It has built up its own brands or acquired other brands with unmatched zeal. Vodafone in Europe and Verizone Wireless, a partner, in the USA are well-recognised brands. Networking partnerships exist in several countries for promotion of global business under dual brand logos. Competing with rivals like AT&T and Cingular in the US market who use ‘time division This paper attempts to focus on dynamics of the industry to which Vodafone belongs and further to carryout a strategic external analysis of the company itself. However, before we get into these aspects, it is necessary to define the specific classification of the industry itself so that in the analysis that follows here, we are on the right track. For industry classification, one generally refers to the Standard Industrial Classification system (SIC) of Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) or its later replacement namely, the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). Here two entries viz., the telecommunication industry (SIC 6420) and the radiotelephone communications industry (SIC 4812) appear as appropriate to define Vodafone class. Difficulty arises to exactly

Ethics in Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics in Business - Case Study Example Ethics and business rules always go together. The fact that business policing is based upon the different measures of complete recognition of social norms and social limitations, ethics is indeed a large part of the ways by which business organizations try to strive to be able to become more effective within their operational engagements with regards their aim of being able to influence the society as well. It is indeed certain that the rules and regulation that a business puts up should be able to meet certain standards of social compromises. Any business organization could not afford to be questioned simply because of the fact that the business procedures that they are adapting to are not meeting the set standards for business organizations. (Kuhn, 2005, 12) To be able to have a clearer view of the matter being reported herein, it is first most importantly to be given attention to as to how management is indeed in relation with the actual application of ethical standards within the society. To be able to do this, there are three major points to consider. The said points are as follows: †¢ The effect of organizational culture on ethical operation †¢ The roles and responsibilities of executive management in fostering an ethical operating environment †¢ The impact of ethical standards as they are used in business operations ... (Kuhn, 2005, 12) To be able to have a clearer view of the matter being reported herein, it is first most importantly to be given attention to as to how management is indeed in relation with the actual application of ethical standards within the society. To be able to do this, there are three major points to consider. The said points are as follows: The effect of organizational culture on ethical operation The roles and responsibilities of executive management in fostering an ethical operating environment The impact of ethical standards as they are used in business operations Through the consideration given to these particular sections of the said matter, the continuous advancement of the report shall be completed as to how it could relate to the actual practice of several business organizations who are actually applying ethical management in creating the policies for their own businesses. The Essence of Organizational Management Organizational management involves several serious tasks that concern not only the whole company but also its stakeholders. This is the reason why the need for the fine application of ethical leadership is essential for the pursuance of rightful managerial policing processes. Management, as known to many is a performed function in every organizational set up that is essential for arranging the activities of certain business groups. The said act of organizing a business group indeed requires a high level of leadership skills. As for this reason, governance then is considered a responsibility that demands effort and patience in dealing with other people (Humes-Schulz, 2002, 15). As the present human

A strategic external analysis of a company and industry dynamics Essay

A strategic external analysis of a company and industry dynamics - Essay Example In just twenty-two years since inception, the UK based Vodafone Group PLC has grown to become the world’s largest mobile communications company. It is in the high growth frontline technology industry group with global perspective. Technologies commencing with voice communications over analog networks in the early eighties to paging, fax, data, SMS and other communications over digital networks, global systems for mobile telecommunications (GSM) with national and international roaming etc. and to today’s satellite mobile phone services are all in its portfolio. With a customer base of nearly 180 millions spread across five continents and dozens of countries, Vodafone is a giant in the industry. Consistent growth in business volumes and profitability are being achieved, year after year. It has built up its own brands or acquired other brands with unmatched zeal. Vodafone in Europe and Verizone Wireless, a partner, in the USA are well-recognised brands. Networking partnerships exist in several countries for promotion of global business under dual brand logos. Competing with rivals like AT&T and Cingular in the US market who use ‘time division This paper attempts to focus on dynamics of the industry to which Vodafone belongs and further to carryout a strategic external analysis of the company itself. However, before we get into these aspects, it is necessary to define the specific classification of the industry itself so that in the analysis that follows here, we are on the right track. For industry classification, one generally refers to the Standard Industrial Classification system (SIC) of Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) or its later replacement namely, the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). Here two entries viz., the telecommunication industry (SIC 6420) and the radiotelephone communications industry (SIC 4812) appear as appropriate to define Vodafone class. Difficulty arises to exactly

Human Resource Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Human Resource Practice - Essay Example A major focus of the paper is on the details that pertain to performance and pay within the organisation. The next section will deal with the aims and objectives of this study. The main aim of this study is to understand the impact of human resource management on strategic management along with the overall performance within the company. Major focus of this study will be on the management of employee performance and compensation and benefits. The main objectives of this research can be listed out as follows: As mentioned earlier, the chosen organisation for this study if the National Health Service (NHS). 1948 saw the birth of NHS which was stated as an initiative to provide the citizens with quality and free health care services. The underlying intension of the introduction of this service was to ensure that all citizens across the country have access to free health care and that health of the people is given first importance to. The initiative was funded by the tax payers money and this was dependent on the position and financial situation of the tax payers (Dowling and Richardson, 2000). As an attempt, a number of doctors, nurses, other medical practitioners and pharmacists were brought together by Aneurin Bevan, then the health secretary. Bevan went on to use all the above and to start a new hospital in Manchester, named Park Hospital. Aneurin Bevan was very interested and passionate to ensure that all citizens receive the proper health treatment without having to worry about the co st or even the location where they were treated. Bevan was keen on opening up NHS across all cities to ensure that everyone received excellent treatment at all times. Being the health secretary, the main aim and intension was to ensure good care for the unwell with no focus on the finances or economic condition of the person. As this initiative grew, it went on to gain a collective name across England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland and came to be christened as

Exclusionary Rule Essay Example for Free

Exclusionary Rule Essay The exclusionary rule is a legal procedure in the United States, which falls under the constitution. It protects citizens of the country in making sure that law enforcement officers are operating lawfully and that they abide by all search and seizure laws. It goes so far to protect the citizens of The United States that if a law enforcement officer illegally obtains evidence it can and most likely will be thrown out of the court. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the exclusionary rule, exploring its fallacies and importance while also including the history and evolution of the controversial exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule is a very important legal principle in the United States and is crucial to keeping law enforcement and the judicial system in a fair balance with accordance to the United States Constitution. The exclusionary rule was never even thought about or existed until the early 20th century. Samaha (2012) states that before the exclusionary rule ever existed the only remedy for constitutional violations involving the exclusionary rule were private lawsuits. The framers of the constitution had it in their mind that judges would just handle each case as they see fitting to the nature of the situation. However this seemed not to work for quite  some time as there was a police misunderstanding of the 4th and 5th amendments figuratively speaking. It wasnt until 1914 when citizens of the United States began to receive their liberty back piece by piece. In the case of _Weeks v U.S.,_ federal officials raided his house in order to obtain evidence in a gambling case against Freemont Weeks. They had no warrant and no right to be in his house to seize any  of his possessions. So Freemont appealed and he won, in a way. The Supreme Court ruled to give back his belongings. They did not return contraband and this rule only applied to the federal law enforcement. Which is why this is the first hint of a trend towards a prominent and well known exclusionary rule. There was many Judges and government officials who still refused to side with Justice Edward White in the case of Freemont Weeks. For example, in the case of _People v. Defore_ Judge Cardozo mad his opinion very well-known and famous. According to Kamisar (2003) in the _People v. Defore_ case Judge Cardozo boasts his opinion very loudly and clearly stating that he would not adopt the exclusionary rule within New York. Kamisar (2003) then goes on to quote Judge Cardozo: excluding illegally seized evidence was not the only effective way to enforce the Fourth Amendment. Cardozo was not the last Judge or Justice to disagree with the new trend. The next case to disagree with Cardozo and many other opposing Judges would have to be _Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S._ (1920). Justice Department officers and a U.S. Marshall entered the lumber companys office and illegally obtained all of the companys documents. They then went on to make photo copies and subpoenaed the Silverthornes. When they refused to follow court orders they were taken into custody for contempt of court. Samaha (2012) states that According to Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, the governments search and seizure was an outrage'. This case expanded the exclusionary rule introducing the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine. This doctrine bans the use of evidence indirectly based on an illegal government  action. Even after multiple court cases ruled in favor of the exclusionary many state legislatures still were not in agreement with the [exclusionary] rule. Some legislatures found ways around the fourth amendment. In the case of _Coolidge v. New Hampshire_ New Hampshires legislature was challenged on their warrant issuing practices. According to Lynch (2000) New Hampshire law was very controversial in the manner of how warrants were issued. The warrant-issuing power was vested in the Justice of the Peace. Now judges must issue warrants; but in the past it was very prominent for Justices of the Peace to fulfill this duty. In New Hampshire they vested the Justice of the Peace within the executive branch of the government. In other words, according to Lynch (2000) the police officers had subverted the Fourth Amendment by issuing search warrants to themselves. The Supreme Court ruled that New Hampshires practices were unconstitutional because the executive branch was issuing warrants to themselves. This practice was very opposing to the idea of checks and balances. This court case was a very historical one in which ruled in application with the separation of powers doctrine. It also further supported the exclusionary rule. One of the biggest cases in the history of the United States and the biggest turning point for the exclusionary rule was in the case of _Mapp v. Ohio._ In this case officers forcibly entered Miss Mapps home without a search warrant or consent and provided a false warrant. Before this case not all states adopted the exclusionary rule. In the dissent by Harlan, Frankfurter, and Whittaker (1961) they stated that the _Weeks_ exclusionary rule should also be enforced against the states. Lafave (2009) also touches on the case quoting the courts statements: [A]ll evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by that same authority, inadmissible in a state court. Estreicher, S. and Weick, D. P. (2010) make an extremely valid  and important point; stressing that the exclusionary rule is constitutionally required because it was the only effective available way to enforce the constitutional guaranty. This case is so historically significant because of this ru ling. Finally, nearly 50 years after the _Weeks_ case, the exclusionary rule applied to all states. Even though the rule applied to all states we still did not have every aspect of the rule covered. The Knock and Announce rule was always under controversy as to if the exclusionary rule was applicable in such situations. It wasnt until _Hudson v. Michigan_ when the courts clarified the issue. The police had a warrant to enter _Hudsons_ home and when they knocked and announced their presence they waited a mere three to five seconds before entering the premise. Hudson appealed stating his fourth amendment rights were violated because the officers did not follow Knock and Announce procedures. His evidence was suppressed, but later the appeal was reversed by Michigan Court of Appeals. According to Justice Scalia the waiting period of the officers had no connection to the discovery of the illegal drugs and weapons. Because of this case the Knock and Announce Rule was clarified by stating that the rule did not have any interest in preventing the government from taking evidence described in a warrant. Tomkovicz (2008) believes that this case was intended to further the restrictions on the exclusionary rule. I have to agree with Tomkovicz in this statement. Gittins (2007) also makes a valid argument in concerning the argument. He [Gittins] states that during the night hours residents will have a longer period of time in which they will be able to open the door. However the courts have found that very short periods of time (five seconds) can be reasonable wait times. Courts are still in the process of clarifying the exclusionary rule; although _Hudson v. Michigan_ added some amount of clarity to the issue. Lastly, and the most recent court case concerning the exclusionary rule is _Herring v. U.S._ in which a recalled arrest warrant was executed  accidently. The Coffee County Sheriffs Department were executing a warrant in which the county clerk found to be accurate. Upon arrest they soon learned the warrant was recalled some five months ago. Herring moved to suppress the evidence on the motion that his warrant was rescinded. Josephson (2009) states that the courts generally exclude the exclusionary rule when there are negligent errors amongst recordkeeping. The court denied Herrings motion for suppression because of the Good Faith Clause established in _U.S. v. Leon._ This is a significant case because of how it furthered the interpretation of the exclusionary rule. Josephson (2009) explains how this case interpreted the exclusionary rules main goal which is the deterrence of unconstitutional police conduct. Therefore by the police unknowingly executing what they thought to be an accurate warrant left the evidence applicable in courts. The exclusionary rule is intended to keep law enforcement and federal officials in check with the constitution. But often there is the controversial topic of whether or not the framers of the constitution intended for such a rule. The framers never had any motion to include an exclusionary rule into the fourth amendment. However, Geller (1975) makes an excellent observation stating that the framers didnt provide any remedies for a violation of the fourth amendment. Which brings me to my next topic of the controversy. Because the framers left no remedies for violations of the fourth amendment, the courts were left to create the exclusionary rule to deter law enforcement from violating citizens rights. Many argue  that this does not effectively deter officers. Geller (1975) argues that there is no significant evidence to support such claims. Geller (1975) also comments on alternatives declaring that Until data [is] available concerning the effect of these alternatives, it is impossible to state with any degree of certainty that these alternatives are either more effective or less effective than the exclusionary rule. The last major issue I found in Gellers (1975) journal came from a group called Americans for Effective Law Enforcement (AELE). They seem to believe the exclusionary rule is no longer necessary due to the high degree of police professionalism. AELE believe police violations are unintentional and because of their high degree of professionalism they act in Good Faith. Therefore petty mistakes allow evidence to be excluded and free criminals. Until there is a significant study that entails multiple well rounded solutions to the exclusionary rule; I do not see any possible alternatives. The exclusionary rule was created almost one hundred years ago. The rule will continue to be reformed and transformed as time goes on. Although there may be a substantial argument pertaining to the issue, we need the exclusionary rule. Undoubtedly the rule has an abundance of justifications compared to its fallacies. It was stated loud and clear by the framers some two hundred years ago what rights we as American people possess. The exclusionary rule is a major backbone of the judicial system of our country, it maintains the system of checks and balances keeping the American peoples rights prevalent and intact. The exclusionary rule is in working order, being reformed every day to protect our civil liberty and keep the integrity of our constitution set out by our own framers. Bibliography Estreicher, S. and Weick, D. P. (2010) Opting for a legislative alternative to the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule. UMKC Law Review. 78, 949. Gittins, J. (2007). Excluding the exclusionary rule. Brigham Young University Law Review, 2007, 451-481. Josephson, M. (2009). To exclude or not to exclude: The future of the exclusionary rule after Herring v. United States. Creighton Law Review, 43, 175-203. Kamisar, Y. (2003). In defense of the search and seizure exclusionary rule. Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, 26(1), 119. Lafave, W. (2009). Recent developments: The smell of Herring: A critique of the Supreme Courts latest assault on the exclusionary rule. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 99(3), 757-787. Lynch, T. (2000). In defense of the exclusionary rule. Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, 23(3), 711. Samaha, J. (2012). Criminal procedure (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth. Tomkovicz, J. (2008). Hudson v. Michigan and the Future of Fourth Amendment Exclusion Iowa Law Review, 93. Retrieved October 29, 2013, from http://www.law.uiowa.edu/documents/ilr/to Bibliography Geller W. ,Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule and Its Alternatives, 1975 Wash. U. L. Q. 621 (1975).

McDonalds 4 Ps of Marketing Analysis

McDonalds 4 Ps of Marketing Analysis McDonalds Corporation since its start in 1955 has remained consistently as well known brand name worldwide. In order to achieve this status the company has used marketing strategies that have covered every aspect of the business and social world. From advertising and competitors to public relations and charity, McDonalds has a goal and for what they want to achieve and has found ways of achieving those goals. Throughout this paper you will find descriptions of how McDonalds used the four Ps of marketing in order to create a successful and well known worldwide company. The four Ps of marketing include price, product, promotion and place. Marketing strategies are created through a process of conducting research, which provides the information for deciding the correct product/service, appropriate pricing structures, and the effective placement and promotion for establishing the proper position in the marketplace for achieving optimal return on investment. (investopedia.com) The marketing strategies that have been created through this research by McDonalds Corporation have served them well ever since they opened their doors in 1955. The founder of McDonalds Corporation, Ray Kroc, started the company with the mindset of expanding his business by using franchising. Since 1955, McDonalds has become one of the most valuable brand names in the world. (Rowley, 2004) Expanding the corporation globally is the marketing strategy that has allowed McDonalds to become one of the worlds largest fast food retailers. In 1958, owner Ray Kroc made a statement, The basis for our entire business is that we are ethical, truthful and dependable. (McDonalds.com, 2010) The McDonalds mission statement lists the four Ps of marketing as the basics of providing an exceptional customer experience. The first of the four Ps is price. McDonalds overall pricing objective is to increase market share. (Vignali, 2004) With the original research that was done to create a successful marketing strategy, McDonalds Corporation researched the demand, competitors position in the market and the cost of creating the product and created a price that will create a customer demand. When the recession hit, a vast majority of businesses began to lose customers and in return income. McDonalds was one of the few that cashed in on the recession by creating a value menu. The value menu, which features select items sold for one dollar each, has helped McDonalds bring in customers consistently and this steady income has helped increased market share. The second of the four Ps is product. When McDonalds first opened in 1955, they were the first business to provide burgers, fries and milk shakes in a convenient family dining atmosphere. The competitors in the area provided no competition and McDonalds sold its one hundred millionth hamburger in 1958. As time went on and technology advanced, the market became more competitive and a healthy lifestyle trend began to unfold in society. But even with all this change, McDonalds kept to their philosophy, providing quality food and a quality service in a fast and easy environment and with this philosophy they maintained their place in the market. Two years after their tenth anniversary in 1965, McDonalds began opening operations in Puerto Rico and Canada and currently they now have operations in one hundred and eighteen countries, including China, Japan, UK and Australia. (Mcdonalds.com, 2010) Each country has their own unique menu items, but a few of the classics are on every menu worldwi de. These include the Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, French Fries and Happy Meal. When Starbucks began offering coffee and a breakfast sandwich combo, it provided competition to McDonalds already well known and loved breakfast menu. McDonalds response to this competition was to create a new line of products called the McCafe. The McCafe was a premium coffee beverage that came hot, cold or blended and in a variety of flavors at a reasonable price. The third of the four Ps is promotion. There are four ways to promote a product in the world of marketing; advertising, direct marketing, sales promotions and public relations. Advertising is used worldwide and usually involves the use of a celebrity praising the quality, value and affordability of the product. McDonalds advertising is different in each of the one hundred and eighteen countries they have locations in. To date, McDonalds has used twenty three different slogans in US advertising and a few other slogans in other countries worldwide. Television, radio and newspaper are not the only ways in which McDonalds advertises their product. They have begun to use billboards and sponsoring sporting events such as the Olympics. But even with all these extra advertising connections, television has been the key advertising strategy for McDonalds. Direct marketing is most commonly achieved by the use of websites. McDonalds website provides detailed information about menu items, company policies and the company story. The information that is provided to the viewer allows them to get a better understanding at how McDonalds became what it is today. Sales promotions are an important key in any marketing strategy. The most common sales promotion that McDonalds run is their Happy Meal. The food content has remained the same over the years, but the toy changes all the time. The toy that comes in the Happy Meal usually corresponds to a movie or event that popular at that time. The current Happy Meal includes toys that are themed to DreamWorks Megamind movie. Public relations are a very important aspect to McDonalds. Their website alone provides information for a variety of people. There is an entire section on the website dedicated to students who need information for writing term papers. The website even provides a place for customers to provide feedback for the company. McDonalds feeds of this feedback and uses it to help maintain their quality service. In Beijing, McD onalds hires individuals to be public relation agents in the community and provide information and receive feedback to be given back to corporate headquarters. Beyond their website, McDonalds is well known for their contribution to the community. The Ronald McDonald House was created in many communities to help children and their families with special needs. A study conducted by a program called A Cause that Counts in 2009 states, Research shows that 92% of Americans have a more positive image of companies that support a cause. And, 87% of Americans are likely to switch brands, when price and quality are equal, to support a cause. These trends are consistent around the globe. In 1977, McDonalds sponsored a High School basketball team and gave them the opportunity to play an exhibition game against the Washington Nationals. McDonalds has also been a proud sponsor of the Olympics for many years, donating money to help maintain the quality of the event. The final P of the four Ps is place. Place mainly consists of the companys distribution channel. This marketing strategy is important, so that the company can make sure that their product is available at the right place, at the right time and with the right quantity. Nearly 50% of Americans are within three miles of a McDonalds drive thru and good majority of those are located either near large housing developments or schools. Each McDonalds provides their own unique experience for the both the children and the adults. Every McDonalds includes a childrens play area, which usually includes a slide and various other playground equipment for the children to play on. For the adults, McDonalds has started to offer an internet facility at select locations. These allow the adults to access the internet on their laptops while their children are playing in the kid zone. Using these marketing strategies and maintaining the goal of providing quality service and food in an inviting environment at a fast and easy pace, will allow McDonalds to remain on top of the market of fast food retailers. Their environments and prices will continue to have people saying, Im Loving It.

Overview of Autism Essay -- essays research papers

Autism is defined as a developmental disability of the brain. However it is not a form of mental retardation. A person with autism can actually be very intelligent. Autism develops before a child is 30 months of age. It occurs is approximately 4 out of every 10,000 children. Children with autism are unable to develop normal relationships with others. Their hearing and sight senses are heightened. A noise that would not bother a normal person might drive an autistic child crazy. They have a difficult time understanding what is going on around them. If something suddenly happens, like someone laughs or cries they go into confusion because they are wondering why this is happening and they might go into panic. Sometimes they may lose their ability to speak, or need extra time to respond to a question. It is sometimes difficult to tell whether a young child or infant is autistic. Some of the symptoms vary greatly but follow the same general pattern. Autistic infants will act relatively normal during their first few months. But after a couple of months they become less responsive to thei...

“Meditation 17” by John Donne Essay

In â€Å"Meditation 17† by John Donne, Donne uses many different methods of trying to get his message out. By using metaphors, images, and paradoxes Donne gets his message out but in a perplexing way. In order to understand what Donne is saying, this passage must read over and analyzed sentence by sentence to really see the true meaning of the excerpt. Donne uses a book as a metaphor, with man as a chapter for every part of the book and God is the author. Donne believes God controls everything and everything happens for a reason. Donne then states, â€Å"God employs several translators; some pieces are translated by age, some by sickness, some by war, some by justice; but God’s hand is in every translation.† The translations of age, sickness, war, and justice are all things that can cause death. In that case, these elements can translate human beings into spirits of heaven or to anywhere else God chooses to send them. One of the most popular metaphors Donne uses is â€Å"No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.† Here Donne is trying to say that one person cannot stand-alone. Human beings need each other for survival and support. Donne then starts to talk about the death bell. He says whenever the bell tolls it is tolling for more than the one person who has died but it also is tolling for those who have been left behind to grieve over the death. Also in order to get the message across Donne uses a paradox by saying, â€Å"For affliction is a treasure.† This is a paradox because generally when you think of a treasure you don’t think of it hurting you but you think of it making you wealthy or better off but instead he uses treasure as a source of suffering. But suffering is a treasure because it can teach you things, since you suffer from mistakes; you learn from them and don’t make the same mistake twice. By saying this Donne makes suffering sometimes seem like a  good thing to have in your life. Imagery is another device used to get Donne’s message across. â€Å"One chapter is not torn out of the book, but translated into a better language; and every chapter must be so translated† This is an image for the reason that he is presenting mankind and the death of mankind like a book. He is saying when a man dies he is not ripped away from society and forgotten but just thought of differently and every man dies (translated) in a different way although some may seem to be the same such as too people may have cancer yet it is still different because God has a unique death (translation) made out for each and every person. By using many different methods John Donne gets his message across in a complicated way that seems to draw the readers into his writing. By breaking down the passage it can be smoothly translated into an easy to read text. Not only does this make it enjoyable to read but also it has given people something to read for years and most defiantly will in the years to come.

Grizzly Man Essay

Grizzly Man In Grizzly Manï ¼Å'among the controversy stirred by the behavior of Treadwell, the central idea expressed in the film is that the nature is indeed indifferent and man should not cross the borderline between man and nature. Wild animals are not friends of human. Treadwell put all his heart to the cause of protecting the bears. He repeated in his films for many times that he loved them and he was willing to die for them. He tended to anthropomorphize them like many people do to the dogs and cats, but he forgot they were not those tame pets. He touched bears in a way that seemed to irritate them. He maybe had a belief and confidence that the bears also saw him as their friend and treated him differently. But in fact they didn’t. In the narrator’s opinion, â€Å"the common denominator of the universe is not harmony, hostility and murder.† Treadwell spent 13 years with the bears and he thought it was a wonderful and simpler world, he even wanted to become a bear, but in reality it is a hash world. In those big and ferocious bears’ eyes, they see only food and they never regard him as a friend. The narrator tells this observation at the end:†from all the faces, all the bears that Treadwell ever filmed, I discovered no kinship, no understanding, no mercy. I see only the overwhelming indifference of nature.† There is an ultimate invisible line between bear and human. The line has been respected by native people and the majority of the public. They know it is a very different world from the one where human lives. â€Å"when you cross the line, you pay the price.† the curator of the Kodiaks Alutiiq Museum mentioned this principle that has been strictly observed for 7000 years. He doesn’t agree with Treadwell’s behavior of staying too intimately with bears. He believes that â€Å"he has crossed the invisible boundary†, that is, the line which has been mentioned above. So even if Treadwell was repeatedly declaring that his main purpose was to protect bears from poachers, he didn’t realize that his behavior was another kind of invasion of their habitat and he was doing a lot of damage to them. He got close to those bears crazily and in un undue way. He violated the reasonable rule of the park that one should maintain at least 100 yards of distance from the bears. He lived with them and tried to make the bears get used to the existence of human, which was very dangerous for bears, and so on. As the narrator says in the movie, the best protection for the animals is that of their habitat. Any action of protecting animals by invading their habitat is not persuasive and of course can’t do any good to them. Like Treadwell, during his 13 years, he didn’t give bears any practical protection except serving them a delicious dinner with his and his girlfriend’s bodies. Life of Pi The view presented in this movie is that human and ferocious animals can co-exist peacefully if human can meet the survival needs of the animals and nature can give human hope and direction to survive. Darwin’s theory—the survival of the fittest, emphasizes the fierce and somewhat ruthless struggle of survival among the species and the individuals. It is indeed true in most cases. But in Life of Pi, it describes a picture of human and animal’s co-existence in a more harmonious way and proves that their struggle and contradiction are not so irreconcilable. In this movie, Pi was taught at his childhood by his father, that the animals, esp, the tiger, etc are not his friends. So at the first of the drift, Pi didn’t intend to co-exist with the tiger. He had had the chance to kill it. But his virtuous nature didn’t allow himself to do so. So he made the final decision to co-exist with this ferocious animal. He supplied the tiger with food and fresh water to survive so that he himself would not become the dinner of it. The threat to each other and the certain kind of peaceful co-existence helped them persevere to be saved at last. Even Pi himself admitt ed that â€Å"the fear of Richard Parker kept me alert. I wouldn’t survive without Richard Parker.† Human actually should be grateful to nature. Nature provides them with the animals living in it and therefore sustains human’s life. In the movie, nature is indifferent by the storm which caused the disaster of the ship’s sink and took away so many people’s lives. But on the other side, during the hopeless drift on the sea, nature also gave them food in the sea. It led him to the island when Pi had already lost his hope for survival, which made him regain the hope for life. Nature gave these seemingly coincidences to make for Pi’s survival from this disaster. Which kind of view do you agree with? Comparing two different views presented in these two movies, the former is more persuasive and reasonable. Handling the relations between human and nature, people should always remember that nature is indeed indifferent and keep a proper distance away from nature, especially the animals. Any human action which interferes with their natural life in an undue way will surely provoke the revenge of nature and pay a price for what they do. Guess of teacher’s view Teacher may agree that nature is indifferent but to some extent human and can get along well with each other unless both of them don’t cross the borderline and do harm to the other. Because America is a country which pays much attention to environment protection. They don’t encourage too much intimacy with nature for they know the ruthless and indifferent nature, so they do a good job in establishing the wildlife reserves. But on the other hand, they love to be close to nature.