Europe’s Interaction with Africa, Asia Essay Example for Free

Europes Interaction with Africa, Asia EssayIn the mid-fifteenth century, European nations started sending merchants, explorers, colonizers and missionaries to various parts of the world. Historians often referred to this phenomenon as the Age of uncovering, an era in which unknown seas were traversed, new lands and hoi pollois were discovered and an astounding new phase in global encounters was initiated (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 3). The Age of Discovery played an valuable role in the political and economic development of Western Europe. Some of its key legacies included colonization, the development of large-scale horticultural industries and the spread of Christianity. The Age of Discovery, however, is commonly portrayed as exclusively European and historically unique. It must be made clear that such a description is misleading and incomplete. Exploration and blowup argon not historical novelties, and neither are they uniquely European. Furthermore, they have other mot ivations, attitudes and cross-cultural perceptions apart from the desire to discover other lands (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 3). Moslem and Chinese explorers and traders have been traveling across Asia, Arabia and Africa centuries before Christopher Columbus set out from Spain in 1492.The journeys of Ibn Battuta in the mid-14th century, for instance, took him through the vast extent of the Islamic world. Zheng He, a transcend admiral who lived during the Ming Dynasty, sailed as far as the coast of east Africa in the mid-15th century (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 3). Tunisian philosopher and historian Ibn Khaldun traveled as far as Spain in the 14th century (Ahmed 102). But European and non-European explorers differed in terms of the motives behind their respective journeys. Non-European explorers traveled primarily to create extensive religious and trade networks.Muslims were partly bound by religion and commerce as a form of compensation for the near-absence of political unity i n the Islamic world. Despite ethnic and regional differences, their adherence to Islamic laws and values provided them with a sense of unity and shared identity. The establishment of long-distance trading networks, meanwhile, allowed Muslim producers and consumers from different regions to communicate with one another, as well as with peoples of different religions (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 4).Muslim traders therefore organized camel caravans to the frontiers of India and across the Sahara in Africa. They likewise established equally profitable trade routes by sea across the Indian Ocean. By the late 15th century, the commercial activity in most of the regions surrounding the Indian Ocean was almost under their control. Furthermore, current localities in the Islamic world were gaining recognition for their excellence in specific industries. Persia, for example, was renowned in the 14th century for its exquisite glassware, jewelry and pottery (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 4). huge trade and industry, in turn, provided the Islamic world with urbanized and cosmopolitan societies. Sophisticated commercial centers such as Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, Timbuktu and Zanzibar attracted residents from distant regions that eventually converted to Islam. These new converts by and by spread Islam and elements of Islamic culture to their respective homelands. The Delhi Sultanate of India and the West African kingdom of Mali are some examples of regions that were not originally Islamic but were later Islamized (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 4).In sharp contrast, the motive behind most European explorations was the pseudo-revival of the Reconquista (the struggle of the Spanish and Portuguese Christians to expel the Moors from their respective countries). In the 14th and 15th centuries, anti-Moor sentiment was all the same strong in Spain and Portugal it was during these periods that Spanish and Portuguese Christians successfully expelled the Moors from Iberia. But this victo ry soon left many knights idle and looking for new adventures.Many knights indeed joined overseas expeditions, viewing these as new opportunities to vanquish the hated Moors (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 5). Certain economic conditions in Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries were also responsible for(p) for the xenophobic attitude that many European explorers had during the Age of Discovery. In these eras, most European economies were still small, largely agrarian and geared towards meeting local needs. Muslim merchants and middlemen were the sole sources of spices and other luxury goods.In addition, Europe was politically fragmented the continents monarchs wasted scarce resources and manpower in the numerous wars and conflicts that they waged against each(prenominal) other. Lastly, the Black Death (bubonic plague) killed millions and further weakened economies, adding to the pervasive atmosphere of dread and xenophobia (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 5). Given the insular, bac kward and unsophisticated nature of Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, it was no longer surprising that the expeditions from the continent had mostly detrimental effects.Many explorers viewed the natives that they encountered in foreign lands as barbarians that must be civilized by be subjugated to them. By the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore, many countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas ended up being the colonies of Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain and France (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 5). In addition, the transatlantic slave trade occurred from the 16th to the nineteenth centuries. Mainstream historians had indeed painted a misleading and incomplete picture of the Age of Discovery.By claiming that the Age of Discovery was an exclusively European and historically unique phenomenon, they are implying that it was an event that was born out of Europes benevolent desire to discover other lands. But the truth is that the Age of Discovery should not be glorified. E xploration and expansion have already been taking place long before it happened proof that the inhabitants of the regions outside of Europe are not savages. The Age of Discovery occurred at a time when Europe was still insular, backward and unsophisticated.Thus, many of the continents explorers exhibited a fearful and xenophobic attitude when it came to dealing with people not of their own race. This paranoia, in turn, led to the colonization of several nations in Africa, Asia and the Americas. In addition, slavery became a centuries-old practice.Works CitedAhmed, Akbar S. Discovering Islam Making Sense of Muslim chronicle and Society. New York Routledge, 1989. Sanders, Thomas, Stephen Morillo, and Samuel H. Nelson. Encounters in World History Sources and Themes from the Global Past, Volume II From 1500. New York McGraw-Hill, 2005.

Adolescent Substance Essay Example for Free

Adolescent Substance EssayIn my teen age, I was open to a different atmosphere from Mark Spencers. For example, my parents who were real strict about my welfare did non accord me any freedom as Spencers parents do. Further, my parents were very concerned about my associates and therefore never accorded me any free time to go anywhere without their permission. They tried and true to conciliate sure that all their views were imposed onto their children. callable to their strictness, my siblings and I used to clandestinely slip to the neighborhood. We would then enjoy the little free time we acquired via sneaking.This phenomenon had a lot of significance with regard to what activities we engaged in as well as whom we associated with. Although we used to hang around with girls, I used to make sure that my parents never discovered this for such awareness could cause a lot of negative consequences to my wellbeing as well as to my relationship with my associates. If a familiar grownup met me in such funny corners, and I could make sure that they did not report me to my parents because it was suicidal to watch been caught in such places.As time went by, I became rebellious to my parents so-called rules. I thus started to secretly take drugs at some funny hideouts until I got addicted l. Eventually, I could not hide my drug addiction any longer. Consequently, my parents tried to groom me by the use of the cane but this was of no use to me for I had been hardened with this kind of habit. My parents thus had to send me to a rehabilitation cracker but again, this action was not significant to me. After spending a year at the center, I pretended to be reformed and was sent certify to my parents.At home, I joined some of my old friends and we started to rob people of petty objects. We could then sell such items so that we could sustain our drug habit. I was arrested and taken to child custody where I was reformed and thus became a good teen. At the age of 17, I had reorganized my life and could systematize myself well. The enigma that is seen in Marks kind of world is that his parents are providing all that he asks for. They erroneously think that denying him some privileges can cause disaster. This is the reason wherefore he is given a car and is allowed to go out on his own.Further, the parents are not aware of the kind of people that Mark is associating with (Steinberg, Fletcher Darling, 1994). Such agnate oversight has caused him to indulge in drugs to the extent of bringing drugs into the house. Conversely, due to the strictness of my parents, rather than seeking appropriate ways to break my defiant behavior, they caused my hardening. It is notable that my human face only needed to be addressed with love, chthonicstanding, and support from my parents (Gallo Matthews, 2006). In my time, I could not do anything without first consulting my peers.I was thus always struggling not to dis enliven them. In my world, I could not be allowed to go to any overnight party, a privilege which was awarded to Mark (DiClemente et al. 2001). The influence brought about by the environs that I was growing in made my life to change. I thus became a hard nut to crack. This development was brought about by the strict environs in which I grew. Due to Marks associates segregating him, because he does not associate with them, he feels rejected by the whole world (Coleman, 196I).This viewpoint makes him to have a negative opinion about all people a disposition that makes him to be very bitter. Further, Mark does not want to be under any authority. The act of purchasing a car for Mark by his parents facilitates him to get back to his friends. Moreover, he is willing to do anything so as to please the associates. Mark therefore starts to take drugs when his parents allow him the freedom to go out with his friends. Instead of the parents in both cases offering guidance to us, they started devising alternative mechanisms to curb our behaviors.This was just a straight way of strengthening our bond with our good friends who were teaching us the so-called good habits. In both cases, parental overtop caused failure in school doing since it made myself to be jailed, while to Mark, it seems boring to go to school (Mak Kinsella, 1996). This disposition has made Marks performance to greatly drop from an above average student to merely maintain an average of grade C. References Coleman, J. S. (196I). The adolescent society. The social life of the teenager and its impact on education. Psychoanalysis Quarterly, 32, 126-128.DiClemente, R. J. et al. (2001). Parental Monitoring Association with adolescents risk behaviors. Pediatrics, 107, 1363-1368 Gallo, L. C. Matthews, K. A. (2006). Adolescents attachment orientation influences ambulatory blood pressure responses to everyday social interactions. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 253-261. Mak, A. S. Kinsella, C. (1996). Adolescent drinking, put up problems, and paren tal bonding. Australian Journal of Psychology, 48, 15-20. Steinberg, L. Fletcher, A. Darling, N. (1994). Parental Monitoring and Peer Influences on Adolescent Substance Use. Pediatrics, 93 1060-1064.

Digital Voltmeter Using An 8051 Microcontroller Computer Science Essay

digital Voltmeter Using An 8051 Micro authorizationler Computer Science Es governA voltmeter finds its importance wherever emf is to be peakd. Avoltmeteris an instrument used for measuring the electric caral potentialdifference between ii points in an electric circuit. one-dimensional voltmeters move a pointer across a eggshell in proportion to the voltage of the circuit. General purpose analog voltmeters may devour an accuracy of a few per cent of in force(p) scale, and argon used with voltages from a fraction of a volt to several thousand volts.Digital voltmeters use a numerical discover of voltage by use of analog to digital convertor. Digital meters evoke be made with luxuriously accuracy, typically conk out than 1%. peculiar(prenominal)ly calibrated test instruments consent exalteder accuracies, with laboratory instruments capable of measuring to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters usingamplifiers drop measure tiny voltages of micro-volts or less. Digit al voltmeters (DVMs) argon usually designed around a special type ofanalog-to-digital convertercalled anintegrating converter. Voltmeter accuracy is affected by mevery factors, including temperature and supply voltage variations. To ensure that a digital voltmeters reading is within the manufacturers specified tolerances, they should be periodically calibrated. Digital voltmeters necessarily have insert amplifiers, and, like vacuum tube voltmeters, generally have a constant introduce resistance of 10 mega-ohms regardless of set measurement range.This project aims at building a Digital Voltmeter using an 8051 microcontroller. All the selective information accessed and processed by the microcontroller is the digital data. And thus, the usage of an analog-to-digital converter finds its necessity here. A regular analog-to-digital converter ADC0804 is used in the stream project. The stimulation voltage (which is the analog arousal) is restricted to be in the range of 0-15V. The proc essed data in the 8051 is used to get a display fruit on a liquid crystal display display unit. The display is in the form of digits and is accurate to a order of one decimal. The arousal voltage is desired to be that of a DC voltage for steady observations of the voltage value on the LCD panel. Rather, if an AC introduce voltage is disposed at the input terminals, the return varies indefinitely as is the nature of AC voltage. Thus, the instantaneous value of the AC voltage is not steadily shown on the LCD panel.COMPONENTSFol commencementing is the entire set of the components used to build the Digital VoltmeterMicrocontroller, AT89S52Analog-to-Digital Converter, ADC0804161 LCDOscillator circuit for the microcontroller12MHz Crystal capacity33pF CapacitorsVoltage divider circuit/ Input terminals200k, 100k Resistors100nF CapacitorADC Clock Circuit10k Resistor150pF Capacitor100k Potentiometer (to adjust the back-light of the LCD)Description of the Components usedMicrocontroller , AT89S52 The AT89S51 is a low- creator, high-performance CMOS 8- pussy microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-System broadcastmable Flash shop. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile storage technology and is compatible with the industry- measuring stick 80C51 instruction set and immobilize-out. The on- break short Flash allows the syllabus memory to be re computer programmed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By cartel a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S51 provides the pursuance standard signs 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full convert serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.In add ition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero oftenness and supports two softw ar selectable power saving personal manners. The lax mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to treat functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all early(a) chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardw atomic number 18 reset.Pin configuration of the AT89S52 is as follows40-Lead PDIPVCC Supply voltage.GND cause. mien 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit centripetal drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each stick crowd out sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 free falls, the pins sens be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the tag bytes during Flash pr ogramming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/ generator quatern TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) be baffle of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during beates from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special hightail it Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming an d verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table.Alternate functions of port 3,P3.0 RXD (serial input port)P3.1 TXD (serial output port)P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods later on the Watchdog times out. The DIS-RTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the inadvertence state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.ALE/PROG track Latch Enable (ALE) is an output thump for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program beatnik input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal ope ration, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or time purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR hole 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is dynamic only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, withdraw that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations scratch line at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2 siding from the inverting oscillator amplifier. retentivity Organisation,Program Memory If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are order to external memory. On the AT89S51, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 1000H through FFFFH are directed to external memory.Data Memory The AT89S51 implements 128 bytes of on-chip RAM. The 128 bytes are accessible via direct and indirect addressing modes. Stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.Interrupts The AT89S51 has a total of five interrupt vector s two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), two timer interrupts (Timers 0 and 1), and the serial port interrupt. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or oversteping a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers over watercourse. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle.ADC0804 The ADC080X family are CMOS 8-Bit, accompanying approximation A/D converters which use a modified potentiometric ladder and are designed to operate with the 8080A control bus via three-state outputs. These converters appear to the processor as memory locations or I/O ports, and hence no interfacing logic is required. The differential analog voltage input has good common-mode-rejection and permits offsetting the analog zero input voltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be adjusted to a low encoding any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution.The functional diagram of the ADC080X series of A/D converters operates on the successive approximation principle. Analog switches are closed sequentially by successive-approximation logic until the analog differential input voltage VlN(+) VlN(-) matches a voltage derived from a tapped resistor string across the reference voltage. The most operative bit is tested first and after 8 relations (64 clock cycles), an 8- bit binary code (1111 1111 = full scale) is transferred to an output latch. The normal operation proceeds as follows. On the high-to-low transition of the WR input, the internal SAR latches and the shift-register stages are reset, and the INTR output will be set high. As bulky as the CS input and WR input catch ones breath low, the A/D will remain in a reset state. Conversion will start from 1 to 8 clock periods after at least one of these inputs makes a low to h igh transition. After the requisite number of clock pulses to complete the novelty, the INTR pin will make a high-to-low transition. This can be used to interrupt a processor, or otherwise signal the availability of a new conversion. A RD operation (with CS low) will clear the INTR line high again. The device may be operated in the free-running mode connecting INTR to the WR input with CS = 0. To ensure start-up under all possible conditions, an external WR pulse is required during the first power-up cycle. A conversion in process can be interrupted by issuing a second start command.Digital OperationThe converter is started by having CS and WR simultaneously low. This sets the start flip-flop (F/F) and the resulting 1 level resets the 8-bit shift register, resets the Interrupt (INTR) F/F and inputs a 1 to the D flip-flop, DFF1, which is at the input end of the 8-bit shift register. Internal clock signals then transfer this 1 to the Q output of DFF1. The AND gate, G1, combines this 1 output with a clock signal to provide a reset signal to the start F/F. If the set signal is no longer present (either WR or CS is a 1), the start F/F is reset and the 8-bit shift register then can have the 1 clocked in, which starts the conversion process. If the set signal were to still be present, this reset pulse would have no effect (both outputs of the start F/F would be at a 1 level) and the 8-bit shift register would continue to be held in the reset mode. This allows for asynchronous or wide CS and WR signals. After the 1 is clocked through the 8-bit shift register (which completes the SAR operation) it appears as the input to DFF2. As soon as this 1 is output from the shift register, the AND gate, G2, causes the new digital word to transfer to the Three-State output latches. When DFF2 is subsequently clocked, the Q output makes a high-to-low transition which causes the INTR F/F to set. An inverting buffer then supplies the INTR output signal. When data is to be read, the c ombination of both CS and RD being low will cause the INTR F/F to be reset and the three state output latches will be enabled to provide the 8-bit digital outputs.Digital Control InputsThe digital control inputs (CS, RD, and WR) meet standard TTL logic voltage levels. These signals are essentially equivalent to the standard A/D Start and Output Enable control signals, and are active low to allow an easy interface to microprocessor control busses. For non-microprocessor based applications, the CS input (pin 1) can be grounded and the standard A/D Start function obtained by an active low pulse at the WR input (pin 3). The Output Enable function is achieved by an active low pulse at the RD input (pin 2).Analog OperationThe analog comparisons are performed by a capacitive charge summing circuit. Three condensers (with precise ratioed values) share a common node with the input to an autozeroed comparator. The input capacitor is switched between VlN(+) and VlN(-), while two ratioed refer ence capacitors are switched between taps on the reference voltage divider string. The net charge corresponds to the charge difference between the input and the current total value set by the successive approximation register. A correction is made to offset the comparison by 1/2 LSB.Analog Differential Voltage Inputs and Common-Mode RejectionThis A/D gains considerable applications flexibility from the analog differential voltage input. The VlN(-) input (pin 7) can be used to automatically subtract a fixed voltage value from the input reading (tare correction). This is also useful in 4mA 20mA current loop conversion. In addition, common-mode noise can be reduced by use of the differential input. The time interval between sampling VIN(+) and VlN(-) is 41/2 clock periods. There is maximum error voltage due to this slight time difference between the input voltage samples.The allowed range of analog input voltage usually places more severe restrictions on input common-mode voltage lev els than this. An analog input voltage with a reduced span and a comparatively large zero offset can be easily handled by making use of the differential input.Analog Input CurrentThe internal break action causes displacement currents to flow at the analog inputs. The voltage on the on-chip capacitance to ground is switched through the analog differential input voltage, resulting in proportional currents entering the VIN(+) input and leaving the VIN(-) input. These current transients occur at the leading edge of the internal clocks. They rapidly decay and do not inherently cause errors as the on-chip comparator is strobed at the end of the clock period.Input Bypass CapacitorsBypass capacitors at the inputs will average these charges and cause a DC current to flow through the output resistances of the analog signal sources. This charge pumping action is worse for continuous conversions with the VIN(+) input voltage at full scale. For a 640kHz clock frequency with the VIN(+) input at 5V, this DC current is at a maximum of approximately 5uA. Therefore, bypass capacitors should not be used at the analog inputs or the VREF/2 pin for high resistance sources (1kOhm.) If input bypass capacitors are necessary for noise filtering and high source resistance is desirable to minimize capacitor size, the effects of the voltage drop across this input resistance, due to the average value of the input current, can be compensated by a full scale leeway while the given source resistor and input bypass capacitor are both in place. This is possible because the average value of the input current is a precise linear function of the differential input voltage at a constant conversion rate.Input author ResistanceLarge values of source resistance where an input bypass capacitor is not used will not cause errors since the input currents influence out prior to the comparison time. If a low-pass filter is required in the system, use a low-value series resistor for a passive RC section or add an op amp RC active low-pass filter. For low-source-resistance applications, a 0.1uF bypass capacitor at the inputs will minimize EMI due to the series lead inductance of a long wire. A 100Ohm series resistor can be used to isolate this capacitor (both the R and C are placed outside the feedback loop) from the output of an op amp, if used. cheat PickupThe leads to the analog inputs (pins 6 and 7) should be kept as short as possible to minimize stray signal pickup (EMI). Both EMI and unwanted digital-clock coupling to these inputs can cause system errors. The source resistance for these inputs should, in general, be kept below 5k. Larger values of source resistance can cause undesired signal pickup. Input bypass capacitors, placed from the analog inputs to ground, will eliminate this pickup but can create analog scale errors as these capacitors will average the transient input switching currents of the A/D (see Analog Input Current). This scale error depends on both a large s ource resistance and the use of an input bypass capacitor. This error can be compensated by a full scale adjustment of the A/D (see panoptic Scale Adjustment) with the source resistance and input bypass capacitor in place, and the desired conversion rate.Reference Voltage match AdjustFor maximum application flexibility, these A/Ds have been designed to accommodate a 5V, 2.5V or an adjusted voltage reference. This has been achieved in the design of the IC. throwaway that the reference voltage for the IC is either 1/2 of the voltage which is applied to the V+ supply pin, or is equal to the voltage which is externally strained at the VREF/2 pin. This allows for a pseudo-ratiometric voltage reference using, for the V+ supply, a 5V reference voltage. Alternatively, a voltage less than 2.5V can be applied to the VREF/2 input. The internal gain to the VREF/2 input is 2 to allow this factor of 2 reduction in the reference voltage.Zero ErrorThe zero of the A/D does not require adjustment . If the minimum analog input voltage value, VlN(MlN), is not ground, a zero offset can be done. The converter can be made to output 0000 0000 digital code for this minimum input voltage by biasing the A/D VIN(-) input at this VlN(MlN) value. This utilizes the differential mode operation of the A/D. The zero error of the A/D converter relates to the location of the first riser of the transfer function and can be careful by grounding the VIN(-) input and applying a small magnitude positive voltage to the VIN(+) input. Zero error is the difference between the actual DC input voltage which is necessary to just cause an output digital code transition from 0000 0000 to 0000 0001 and the ideal 1/2 LSB value (1/2 LSB = 9.8mV for VREF/2 = 2.500V).Full Scale AdjustThe full scale adjustment can be made by applying a differential input voltage which is 11/2 LSB down from the desired analog full scale voltage range and then adjusting the magnitude of the VREF/2 input (pin 9) for a digital outp ut code which is just changing from 1111 1110 to 1111 1111. When offsetting the zero and using a span-adjusted VREF/2 voltage, the full scale adjustment is made by inputting VMlN to the VIN(-) input of the A/D and applying a voltage to the VIN(+) input.Clocking OptionThe clock for the A/D can be derived from an external source such as the CPU clock or an external RC network can be added to provide self-clocking. The CLK IN (pin 4) makes use of a Schmitt trigger.Heavy capacitive or DC loading of the CLK R pin should be avoided as this will disturb normal converter operation. Loads less than 50pF, such as driving up to 7 A/D converter clock inputs from a single CLK R pin of 1 converter, are allowed. For larger clock line loading, a CMOS or low power TTL buffer or PNP input logic should be used to minimize the loading on the CLK R pin (do not use a standard TTL buffer).Restart During a ConversionIf the A/D is restarted (CS and WR go low and return high) during a conversion, the convert er is reset and a new conversion is started. The output data latch is not updated if the conversion in progress is not completed. The data from the previous conversion remain in this latch.Continuous ConversionsIn this application, the CS input is grounded and the WR input is tied to the INTR output. This WR and INTR node should be momentarily forced to logic low following a power-up cycle to insure circuit operation.Interfacing the MicrocontrollerInterfacing the ADC0804 with 8051 As shown in the typica circuit, ADC0804 can be interfaced with any microcontroller. A minimum of 11 pins are required to interface the ADC0804, eight for data pins and 3 for control pins. As shown in the typical circuit the chip select pin can be made low if you are not using the microcontroller port for any otherperipheral(multiplexing).There is auniversalrule to find out how to use an IC. All we need is the datasheet of the IC we are working with and a look at thetiming diagramof the IC which shows how t o send the data, which signal to assert and at what timethe signalshould be made high or low, etc.Timing Diagrams,Pin Description1.CS, Chip Select This is an active low pin and used to activate the ADC0804.2.RD, Read This is an input pin and active low. After converting the analog data, the ADC stores the result in an internal register. This pin is used to get the data out of the ADC 0804 chip. When CS=0 high to low pulse is given to this pin, the digital output is shown on the pins D0-D7.3.WR, Write This is an input pin and active low. This is used to instruct the ADC to start the conversion process. If CS=0 and WR makes a low to high transition, the ADC starts the conversion process.4.CLK IN, Clock IN This is an input pin connected to an external clock source.5.INTR, Interrupt This is an active low output pin. This pin goes low when the conversion is over.6. Vin+ Analog Input .7. Vin- Analog Input. Connected to ground.8.AGND Analog Ground.9.Vref/2 This pin is used to set the re ference voltage. If this is not connected the default reference voltage is 5V. In some application it is required to reduce the step size. This can be done by using this pin.10. DGND Digital Ground.11-18. Output Data Bits (D7-D0).19. CLKR Clock Reset.20. Vcc Positive SupplyThe above timing diagrams are from ADC0804 datasheet. The first diagram shows how to start a conversion. Also you can see which signals are to be asserted and at what time to start a conversion. So looking into the timing diagramwe note down the steps or say the order in which signals are to be asserted to start a conversion of ADC. As we have decided to make Chip select pin as low so we need not to bother about the CS signal in thetiming diagram. beneath steps are for starting an ADC conversion. I am also including CS signal to give you a clear picture. While programming we will not use this signal. flip chip select (CS) signal low.Make write (WR) signal low.Make chip select (CS) high.Wait for INTR pin to go low (means conversion ends).Once the conversion in ADC is done, the data is available in the output latch of the ADC. Looking at the second diagram, which shows thetiming diagramofhow to readthe converted value from the output latch of the ADC, data of the new conversion is only available for reading after ADC0804 made INTR pin low or say when the conversion is over. Below are the steps to read output from the ADC0804.Make chip select (CS) pin low.Make read (RD) signal low.Read the data from port where ADC is connected.Make read (RD) signal high.Make chip select (CS) high.Interfacing the LCD with 8051 Pin Information of LCDPin NoNameDescription1VssGround2Vdd+5V3VeeContrast Adjustment -2V to -5V4RSRegister Select5RW1 -Read , 0- Write6EEnable Strobe7D0Data Line8D1Data Line9D2Data Line10D3Data Line11D4Data Line12D5Data Line13D6Data Line14D7Data Line15LED+Backlit LED +V Vdd (Optional signal)16LED-Backlit LED -V Vss (Optional signal) algorithm to send data to LCD1.Make R/W low2.Make RS=0 if data byte is commandRS=1 if data byte is data (ASCII value)3.Place data byte on data register4.Pulse E (HIGH to LOW)5.Repeat the steps to send another data byteLCD InitializationProper working of LCD depend on the how the LCD is initialized. We have to send few command bytes to initialize the LCD. Simple steps to initialize the LCDSpecify function set Send38Hfor 8-bit, double line and 57 dot character format. parade On-Off control Send0FHfor display and blink cursor on.Entry mode set Send06Hfor cursor in ontogeny position and shift is invisible.Clear display Send01Hto clear display and return cursor to home position.Writing softwareThe LCD module is an gifted component. We communicate to LCD module by sending commands from microcontroller. To write data to LCD module separate sequence is followed for 4 bit and 8 bit mode.Writing command for 8 Bit modeWrite 8 bit data on D0-D7Generate strobe by taking EN from high to lowWriting command for 4 Bit modeWrite 4 bit data (upper nibble) on D4-D7Generate strobe by taking EN from high to lowWrite 4 bit data (lower nibble) on D4-D7Generate strobe by taking EN from high to lowLCD CommandsInstructionRSRWD7D6D5D4D3D2D1D0DescriptionNOP0000000000No OperationClear Display0000000001Clear Display and Address counter = 0cursor Home000000001xAddress counter = 0Entry mode set00000001I/DSSet cursor direction(I/D) and auto display shift (S)Display Control0000001DCBTurn display (D) and cursor (C) ON/OFF. Set cursor blinking(B)Cursor/ Display shift000001SR/LxxShift display/cursor (S), specify direction (R/L)Function set00001DLNFxxSet Interface data comprehensiveness (DL), number of display lines (N), character font (F)Set CGRAM Address0001Set CGRAM address (D0-D5), CGRAM data is sent after this commandSet DDRAM Address001Set DDRAM address (D0-D6), DDRAM data is sent after this commandBusy Flag and Address01BFRead busy flag (BF) and address counter(D0-D6)Write Data10Write data (D0-D7) into DDRAM/CGRAMRead Data11Read data (D0-D7) fr om DDRAM/CGRAMLegends used in table-I/D1- Increment, 0- DecrementS1- Auto Display shift, 0 No display shiftD1- Display ON, 0 Display OFFC1- Cursor ON, 0- Cursor OFFB1- Cursor blinking ON, 0 Cursor blinking OFFS1- Display Shift, 0 -Cursor moveR/L1- Shift right, 0- Shift leftDL1- 8 bit interface, 0- 4 bit interfaceN1- 2 lines, 0- 1 lineF1- 5X10 dots font, 0- 5X7 dots f

Direct and Indirect Impacts on Health in New Zealand

Direct and Indirect Impacts on Health in New ZealandNina Grace A. MartinezASSESSMENT 2This report is about the different direct and verifying impacts on wellness in New Zealand and in which these determinants give affect the inequalities in wellness.Determinant FactorsIn order to improve the wellness status of the world and reduce wellness inequalities in New Zealand, it is important to identify and understand the main factors that protect and promote good wellness. These factors argon known as the determinants of wellness. roughly of these factors argon income and poverty, employment and occupation, education, housing, and culture and ethnicity. Social networking is excessively a factor and of increasing interest. Thither is now good evidence that social, cultural and economic factors atomic number 18 the most important determinants of good health.Demographic distributionThere be 4,579,228 multitude in total here in New Zealand. It is estimated that at that place is an attach of one person e truly 5 minutes. Statistically, there is 1 birth in every 8 minutes and 49 seconds, 1 death in every 19 minutes and 2 seconds and a net migration in every 8 minutes and 25 seconds. For life expectancy, statistically more females receive longer than males, approximately 83% females and 79% males. This is due to the higher number of males who are introduced early to smoking, alcohol and drugs. It happens even within the family, inside their own houses wherein, as narrated by you (Ms. Alma Villanueva), that a seven (7) year old child, if Im not mistaken, was already been using drugs.IncomeIncome is the most important determinant of health and is potently related to health and well- be. On average, household income in New Zealand declined between 1981 and 1993, with single parent, Maori and Pacific households experiencing the greatest income reductions. The link between poverty and ill health is clear with exemptions like the most financially incapable families experience the highest rates of illness and premature death. Greater income inequality within party may excessively be associated with increased overall mortality. Both poverty and income inequalities increased in New Zealand over the past decade. Having less income will lessen an individual or families penetration to health care. All other problems correlate with depressive disorder income household. A person will be hesitant to seek for any medical preaching fearing what the cost might be. He or she is more concern on what to put on the table.EmploymentEmployment also plays a referenceicular part in health. Income and employment goes hand in hand as a determinant for health. When a person is dismissed, obviously he or she has a low income or none at all. This will be a factor for him or her to even sustain for him or herself more so with the access to health if he or she is ill. Employment not only affects a persons physical health but also his or her mental health because being unemployed may bring depression and other psychological ailments due to lack of food and any means to sustain his or her health and well-being and limited or no access to health care services. Even though it is important to pick up jobs for good health, there are also some occupation related risks that can jeopardize an individuals health and well-being like causing him or her injuries while at work. directionLow level of education is associated with poor health. Education goes alongside with income and employment as it determines ones status in society and economy. Having good or higher educational level will induce one more productive in terms of having a job and making more income thence more literate and are able to comprehend with any medical treatments needed for ones well-being and health. Educated slew can deposit healthier decisions in life about health-related habits such as diet and exercise. Statistically speaking, around 20% of New Zealand adults assimilate poor literacy skills.HousingHouses here in New Zealand are very expensive. The high cost of houses is making it difficult for families with low income to budget their expenses for food, education, transport and health services. Because of the high cost of houses, families function to overcrowd in one house thus making them more susceptible to diseases like respiratory infection or meningococcal disease.Culture and Ethnicity/Traditions/Religious beliefs ethnic factors have its positive and negative influence on health. Like for casing, Maoris have a higher number of mortality rate than in New Zealanders because Maoris are more passive in their attitude towards health and most of them lack education and some have no jobs at all thus they have no access to health care services. Maori people experience more health problems thus their mortality and morbidity rates are higher compared to non-Maoris. These are all due to poor socioeconomic status.Some cultures also have their different w ays of treating or dealing with any physical ailments. Like for example in my home country, the Philippines, we have different traditions or cultural practices in dealing with illnesses. One of which is consulting a quack doctor or faith healer wherein this particular faith healer is said to be an expert in curing any unexplainable illness. We Filipinos are believers of the supernatural beings in this world. Especially those who are on a below-average familial status, they are those that strongly believe in faith healers or the supernatural beings. For them, any illness is associated with na engkanto or witchcraft. That being said, any traditions or cultural practices has its impacts on health. Consulting faith healers or others with no medical background or knowledge will delay treatment or even cause further damage or worst, death, to patients because of malpractice.Another thing besides culture and tradition is religion. Religion plays a role in health as well. Some religious gr oups practice differently towards health. For example, Jehovahs Witness people, they are not allowed to receive any blood transfusion, even if this will prolong the life of the person, still it is not allowed because it will be against their religious practice.Social Networking/Social CohesionPeople with strong family, community and cultural ties have better health than people who are socially isolated. Socially isolated people are more prone to having mental or psychological problems. These people include single parent families, people with mental illness, people who are unemployed and those who are living alone and who are old. Being isolated from society or the community is depressing, making one vulnerable to any harm possible.Political ValuesMaking policy that influence health is important. The New Zealand regime is responsible for it. A policy about health and well-being of the community is very critical. These policies differ from country to country. One of the policies here in New Zealand is the guinea pig Drug Policy wherein its aim is to reduce or limit the supply and use of harmful drug related substances like alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs. With this policy, the people of New Zealand are now more aware of its effects and consequences if they use or consume such harmful drugs or alcohol. This policy is pro health and enhancement of the peoples well-being.Public Attitudes on healthAttitude is a persons way of thinking or what he or she feels towards something or maybe even someone. An individuals value is the backbone of his or her attitude. However he or she perceives health is completely because of how she or he views it. Behavior on the other hand is how that person acts or reacts to a particular situation. It is also influenced by the attitude that person has.It is known that New Zealand is a multicultural country. There is a mix of every race and ethnicity in New Zealand thus, each and every ethnicity, race or culture has its own beliefs a nd practices on health, and each has its own perception or attitude towards health.For example, the Maori people, majority of them are not educated therefore most of them are illiterate thus making them unaware of what are the benefits of having access to health care services.Another example is the Pacific Islanders, wherein they believe that smoking cessation must come from within, meaning that there should not be any assistance from any programmes of the Ministry of Health to help someone, from the Pacific Islander group, to quit smoking.Others, however, are more aware of what illness and health is. Like the non-Maoris or other New Zealanders and even the migrants, because they are more educated and knowledgeable as to what illness can do to them and how important health is to all. Awareness is the key to good health and well-being of a person.However, for some who are aware, still there are hesitations to access health services because of the cost. monetary value of the medical c onsultation and the medication. Another factor is the lack of availability or time to seek treatment. These are all due to the different determinant factors affect health and well-being.The Maoris and Pacific Islanders or other ethnic groups that lack awareness should be taught of the importance of health. Make them aware of its effects and consequences if they do not access health care service when they are sick. Like for example the importance of immunization that provides protection from communicable diseases. Also the importance of screening programmes for Cancer for example. cover charge is highly important to detect potential problems at an early stage especially with asymptomatic people. It can also provide or offer effectual interventions. Awareness and prevention is key to a healthy well-being of a person. To access health, the people must first know that health services do exist.Health is strongly influence by a wide range of cultural, social, economic and environmental factors here in New Zealand. A persons income, education, ethnicity, culture and social status can be very influential with his or her health and well-being. Without income and employment there will be issues concerning his or her fundamental needs, access to health, transportation and other needs. One must be educated to ensure jobs.Poverty and unemployment is rampant in New Zealand despite the booming mental capacity of its country. The government plays a vital role in formulating laws or policies derived from national and international laws that will then benefit or help the poor and unemployed people of New Zealand by subsidizing health services, providing free houses and free education for children of poor families.Prioritizing health on the agenda of the public policy will make the public more aware of the significance of health on the government and policy makers decisions. The participation of the public to the policy is a very strong factor to determine the success of th e policy.BibliographyHealth and Pacific Peoples in New Zealand. (n.d.). Retrieved from Statistics New Zealand http//www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/pacific_peoples/pacific-progress-health/influences-on-health-well-being.aspxThe National Advisory Committee on Health and Disability. (1998). The social, cultural and economic determinants of health in New Zealand Action to Improve Health.

Construction Issues and Reflective Assignment

Construction Issues and Reflective AssignmentIntroductionThis report evaluates and analyses 4 issues which arose from a construction project and solutions have been recommended.A reflective essay is include to provide an amicable solution to the issue.Background Information refreshed Developments are a commercial development company found in Leeds with goals to provide natural sustainable buildings in Leeds. The first development is a 10,000,000.00 project to build new accommodation, retail, sports and leisure facilities.Modern peg downors are a respected and hard-working medium coat sub callableing organisation operating in Leeds and through knocked out(p) the region.Modern Contractors had signed an 18calendar month contract with suffer Developments to complete the building deeds, based on JCT Standard make Contract with Quantities 2011.The following issues have arisen1. On the project that Modern Contractors were due to start the project the main(prenominal) entrance to t he come out (as stated in the Bills of Quantities) is block up by materials left by the Client. These materials are non retravel from site for 1 week.2. During the removal of the basement a gas main was found and British Gas was called to relocate the main which took 16 working days. Some works could continue but the displace of the gas main caused a survive to the be on of the main groundworks.3. Then, during the excavation of the substructure works ancient roman coins are found. This leads to a further delay of 1 month to drop out for archaeological probe work.4. Monthly representments are agreed in the contract particulars and these should be in Modern Contractors account by the 15th of each month. In August and hexad months into the contract period havement was not paid until 5th September. When Modern Contractors complained to the employer they said thats the trouble with banks these days you just potbellyt affirm on them and Modern Contractors should know impro ve than to complain about the situation as this is standard industry practice. As Modern Contractors have whatsoever issues with cash flow they are proposing an purposeless clause in their contracts with their sub-contractors that will provide for them to pay the sub-contractors only when they have been paid.Issue 1On the date that Modern Contractors were due to start the project the main entrance to the site (as stated in the Bills of Quantities) is blocked by materials left by the Client. These materials are not removed from site for 1 week.Before going deep into the roots of the contract, it is important to note that all site works are under function of Smart Developments.What does the contract say?In the case ofFreeman v Hensler (1900)where it was held that it is an employers duty (of co-operation) to give the contractor possession of the site within reasonable sequence to enable him to carry out and complete the work on the completion date.According to JCT 11 SBC/Q, the e mployer has to co-operate fully with the contractor so that the site is handed all over within reasonable time, and the contractor will be able to perform the works as per schedule.If the employer fails to do so, it is possible for the employer to defer giving possession of the site for a period not exceeding six weeks calculated from the relevant Date of Possession stated in the contract. (Clause 2.5)Such clause pr number the employer from creation in breach of contract and liable to damages, but the contractor will have alternative remedies which are listed in clause 2.29.3 ( concomitants of time) and clause 4.24 (loss and expense).The feature that materials were close up the main entrance layabout be taken positively. The contractors could have notified Smart Development who would have organized for an alternative entrance or simply moved the materials somewhere else.It can be argued that one weeks time loss is not substantial and will not hinder the project or cause the pro ject to continue beyond completion date.Assuming buffers/ bodge were added for activities, Smart Developments can argue that the whole project duration can jibe the loss of time (1 week) and they negotiate with the contractors to start the project after one week and still finish the project on time.RecommendationIn the event that the contractors do not agree and decide to go forward with a claim of extension of time or loss and expense, it is advisable for Smart Developments to forego for reasonable extension of time.Though the process isnt simple, the contractors pick up to notify the employer that they will be delayed in starting their work. The Contract Administrator need to do the follow up and find out if this event is a Relevant Event or not. This process may take another week. (Note recess of Possession is a relevant event under clause 2.29.3 / 2.5)Concerning loss and expense claim, it is advisable for Smart Developments to verify the claim amount to know if thither has be en any mobilisation price or machinery transferred to site or any valid claim, before proceeding to any payments.Issue 2During the removal of the cellar a gas main was found and British Gas was called to relocate the main which took 16 working days. Some works could continue but the displace of the gas main caused a delay to the progress of the main ground works.What does the contract say?There is a mechanism in the contracts to deal with delays. usually foreseen or unforeseen events which appear during progress of work have to be dealt with by a protocol.JCT 11 dictates that the Contractor has to inform the Contract Administrator or the Architect in writing when cases arise where they deem to have been delayed significantly. And to stipulate the number of days they think the delay will cause them preconceived notion/prevent the contractors to continue their job.It can be noted that an extension of time granted for a cause of delay which may seem to have fiscal implications does not necessarily mean that there will be additional payments.The design team of Smart Developments should have carried out proper site surveys former any designing and notify the Contract Administrator of possible works concerning gas pipes.It is inevitable for British Gas to be present and complete the repositioning of gas main.JCT 11 SBC/Q defines that statutory undertaker such as British Gas (being responsible for gas supply and regulated by law) should carry out their work diligently.RecommendationAt this point, it is advisable for Smart Developments to fix the completion date and allow for extension of time for the contractors to complete the work in progress, based on clause 2.27, 2.28 and 2.29To prevent any further problems concerning loss expenses, Smart Developments can review the rate at which Liquidated Damages are governed and reduce at its free will.Under clause 2.30, once a certificate has been issued, deductions can start after the first payment but Smart Development can bargain with the Contractors for a review of the rate and withhold deductions until practical completion has been reached.If both parties agree, only extension of time will be granted because of the delay caused by British Gas.Issue 3Then, during the excavation of the substructure works ancient roman coins are found. This leads to a further delay of 1 month to allow for archaeological investigation work.What does the contract say?According to JCT 11 SBC/Q, the clause 2.29.4 acknowledge that compliance with clause 3.22.1 (Antiquities) or Architects/Contract Administrator instruction under clause 3.22.2 is a valid Relevant Event.RecommendationValid Relevant Events are entitled to Extension of Time indeed Smart Developments should fix the completion time and allow an extension of time.The contractor can claim for Loss Expenses since excavation was being carried out and it had to stop to allow for investigation.Since 1 month of delay is fairly considerable lapse of time, Smart De velopments should allow the contractor to claim for its Loss Expenses, Smart Developments can only imagine a reasonable amount of loss incurred.The other side of the coin is that if there is part capital punishment only, then Smart Developments can only pay for the work that has been carried out. Since the contract has not been fully honored, both parties can wait and accept the delay in project. And resume work after the coins investigation has been completed.Smart Developments will forfeit the right to claim for Liquidated Damages if the contract completion date is fixed again.Issue 4Monthly payments are agreed in the contract particulars and these should be in Modern Contractors account by the 15th of each month. In August and six months into the contract period payment was not paid until 5th September. When Modern Contractors complained to the employer they said thats the trouble with banks these days you just cant rely on them and Modern Contractors should know better than to complain about the situation as this is standard industry practice. As Modern Contractors have some issues with cash flow they are proposing an additional clause in their contracts with their sub-contractors that will provide for them to pay the sub-contractors only when they have been paid.What does the contract say?The dates provided in the contract particulars are to be used to dissever if there has been a breach of contract for delayed payment or not.According to JCT 11 SBC/Q clause 4.12.1 the final date of an interim payment is 14 days from the due date.Therefore money due in August should have been lodged in the contractors account by latest 29th of August. Since payment was legitimate on 5th of September this amounts to a breach of the contract.The contractor has the right to suspend any work as a result of the breach of contract or to terminate his employment under clause 4.16.7 / 4.14.1RecommendationIt is advisable for Smart Developments to pay the contractor simple in terest on the amount due from 29th August till 5th of September as per clause 4.12.6 and to make sure that all payments are done within the time frame.The fact that Modern Contractors are altering their contract with the sub-contractors doesnt not affect Smart Developments because of privity of contract, though Modern Contractors have to notify the employer of the sub-contractors they will be employing as per CDM Regulations stated in clause 3.23.3Reflective EssayModern Contractors could have moved the materials on site themselves or notify Smart Developments of the problem that the main entrance is blocked by materials, and expect the Employer to clear the entrance.Concerning the 1st issue Though the delay is only one week, the employer cannot use any available float to absorb this type of delay. Modern Contractors should apply for extension of time for this delay and make sure that extra time is allowed for the float as well.Concerning the 2nd issue, British Gas has to complete th eir work as per law, Modern contractors being hindered in doing their job can claim for extension of time.Though Modern Contractors have been seek to complete other works in sections, this delay can be reflected in the overall project hand-over time. Therefore Modern Contractors have to apply for extension of time and moreover claim for Loss Expense as it is accrued for 16 days of not performing actual work towards achievement of project.Concerning the tertiary issue, since the event could not be foreseen by any parties, Modern Contractors are entitled to extension of time and have the right to claim for Loss Expense. The cost would include plant provided on site for excavation, labour, lorries waiting for excavation etc.Concerning the 4th issue Modern Contractors have the right to suspend any performance until payment has been effected. It is possible to terminate the contract as well because of the breach caused by Smart Developments in delaying payment.By adding extra clauses to the contract, Modern Contractors cannot forego their duties to pay their Sub-Contractors. The payment has to be processed by Modern Contractors no matter what is the outcome with Smart Developments.An amicable solution for problems is direct negotiations between Modern Contractors and Smart Developments.For Issue 1 Either parties could have cleared the materials and go forward with the project. As 1 week is not considerable time and both parties can absorb this delay within floatFor Issue 2 The design team should have known that there are live gas lines within the cellar, therefore British Gas would have been called during the first week to relocate the pipes. Modern Contractors would have been given possession of site 2 weeks after British Gas had fix the lines.For Issue 3 The best option would be to pay Modern Contractors a minimum rate for the delay caused. That rate would enshroud for plant hire and labour for example, there would not be any profit for Modern Contractors. O r allow Modern Contractors to carry alternative works on other site until Smart Developments are ready to accommodate them again.For Issue 4 Smart Developments can negotiate to allow for some extra time before payment can be released to Modern Contractors and waive retention money for part of works carried out.

Repression of Women in Euripides The Bacchae Essay -- Feminism Women

Repression of Women in Euripides The Bacchae Many different interpretations can be derived from themes in Euripidess The Bacchae, most of which convey that, in order to punish the women of Thebes for their impudence, the god Dionysus drove them mad. However, there is evidence to believe that another factor played into this confrontation. Because of the trend of anthropoid dominance in Greek society, women suffered in oppression and bore a social stigma which led to their own vulnerability in becoming Dionysuss target. In essence, the Thebian women practically fostered Dionysian insanity through their longing to rebel against social norms. Their debilitating conditions as women prompted them to search for a way to transfigure themselves with male qualities in order to vehemence their social subordination. According to research, the role of women in classical Greece was extremely limited. Men and women were segregated all over in the Greek society, even in the situat ion (Source 9). Women were secluded in their homes to the point of not being able to leave their own quarters except on special religious occasions or as necessity dictated (Source 10). All women were tightly controlled and confined to the home to insure that their husbands were provided legitimate male heirs. Beyond this, women had no true value (Source 6). Clearly, male domination in Greek society was like enslavement to women. A marriage contract dated 92 B.C. can be located in Womens Life in Greece & Rome by Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant which defines unacceptable behavior within the union of marriage. The document requires that both husband and wife be unstained within the context of the household, but although nothing prevents ... ...because their position in life made them more susceptible to this kind of delirium. Works Cited Williams, C.K. The Bacchae of Euripides Faraone, Christopher A. Ancient Greek jockey and Magic Http//www.hup.harvard.edu/catal og/FARANC.html Gleason, Maud W. Making Men Sophists and Self-Presentation in Ancient Rome Http//pup.princeton.edu/titles/5574.html Lefkowitz, Mary R. And Maureen B. Fant Womens Life in Greece & Rome http//uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Classics/wlgr/wlgr-greeklegal101.html Http//didaskalia.berkeley.edu/supplements/supp1/rabinowitz.html Http//novaonline.nv.cc.va.us/eli/eng251/agamemguide.html Http//pup.princeton.edu/titles/5665.html Http//www.classicnote.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/bacchae/themes.html Http//www.ifi.uio.no/thomas/ai/ai03.txt Http//www.iwu.edu/mblodget/hypergoddess.html

Transformations in Ovids Metamorphosis Essay -- Ovid Metamorphoses Es

Transformations in Ovids MetamorphosisTransformations from one shape or form into another atomic number 18 the central theme in Ovids Metamorphoses. The popularity and timelessness of this act as stems from the earthly concernner of tarradiddle telling. Ovid takes stories relevant to his culture and time period, and weaves them together into one work with a connecting theme of transformation end-to-end. The thread of humor that runs through Metamorphoses is pursuant(predicate) with the satire and commentary of the work. The theme is presented in the opening lines of Metamorphoses, where the poet invokes the gods, who are responsible for the changes, to look favorably on his efforts to compose. The changes are of many kinds from human to animal, animal to human, intimacy to human, human to thing. Some changes are reversed human to animal to human. Sometimes the transformations are partial, and physical features and personal qualities of the earlier being are preserved in mutate d form. In the recital of Daphne and Apollo, the chief agent of transformation is love, represented by Venus and her youthful and mischievous son, Cupid. When the god Apollo brags to Cupid of his great might exemplified by his pop of the python, Cupid humbles him by reducing the great god to a shameless lover with his gold-tipped arrow of love. A transformation of sorts takes place when the Cupids arrow strikes Apollo. Apollo transforms from a bragging divinity fudge who claims superiority over Cupid by saying, You be content with your torch to excite love, whatever that may be, and do not aspire to praises that are my prerogative,(p. 41) to a man possessed by desire. Despite his powers of strength and domination, the God of War is humbled by Love. A lesson is being taught to Apollo by Cupid. A weakness is spotlighted and exposed, and the role of Apollo is nigh completely reversed. He is transformed from a figurehead of power to a crazed lover with no power over his love. Just a fter guessing Apollo, Cupid strikes Daphne with a blunt, lead-tipped arrow intended to put love to flight. The first transformation of Daphne occurs at this point. Not by her own choice but brought upon by the arrow, Daphne no longer is interested by the prospect of love. Although no physical changes take place, the character is obviously different than previous to being struck. At this point, Daphne and Apollo have twain been transformed to t... ...ses may be read and interpreted separately, taken together rather than apart, the stories can be more effectively linked. The use of repetition throughout the work and regular symbolism in each tale help connect the stories. The entire work is in poetic form, and the literary techniques used are consistent with the time period. Common symbols are used throughout. A common motif is the stretching out of arms preceding metamorphosis. Also, the imagery of hunting coincides with that of versed passion. Daphne is a huntress and is associ ated strongly with the forest and nature. It is fitting then that she is the character pursued by Apollo. The vocabulary of hunger and thirst, or devouring and drinking are associated with acts of violence. The constant repetition and the imagery in Metamorphoses are key to interpreting what Ovid is trying to convey to the reader. The power of change is the central issue in each story and in all the stories combined. Change as a vehicle of escape, punishment, or any means to an end is apparent in virtually every story in the book. Works CitedMandelbaum, Allen, trans. The Metamorphoses of Ovid. By Ovid. San Diego Harcourt Brace & company, 2008.